IC engine

R. L. WooUey and G. J. Germaine, "Dynamic Tests of Hydrogen-Powered IC Engines," World Hydrogen Unergy Conference, Miami Beach, Fla., 1976. 

It is expected that the fuel cell should be able to compete with an IC engine in terms of size and weight. As an added advantage, many fuel cell components can be configured into a relatively wide array of shapes to take advantage of space onboard the vehicle. 

A fuel cell system also needs ancillaries to support the stack, just as an IC engine has many of the same type of ancillary subsystems. Major subsystems are needed for providing adequate humidification and cooling, and for supplying fuel and oxidant (air) with the correct purity and appropriate c uantity. 

Other possible applications of smart elastomers are in the area of polymer engine which can produce maximum power density (4 W/g) and output both in terms of electrical and mechanical power without any noise. These features are superior compared to conventional electrical generator, fuel cell, and conventional IC engine. Many DoD applications (e.g., robotics, MAV) require both mechanical and electrical (hybrid) power, and polymer engine can eliminate entire transducer steps and can also save engine parts, weight, and is more efficient. 

If there is any technology on the horizon with the potential to replace the IC engine, iVs fuel cells. Almost every automaker has a fuel cell program underway, and over the years, fuel cells have shrunk to one-tenth their original size. Energy output has risen by a factor of five in this time period. 

Fuel cell vehicles are viewed as one of the best long term options. A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle has advantages over alternatives, such as hybrid vehicles which combine IC engines with electrochemical batteries and still require petrochemical fuels that exhaust carbon dioxide and pollutants. 

PEM fuel cells can convert about 55% of the fuel energy fed into them into actual work. The comparable efficiency for IC engines is in the range of 30%. PEM cells also offer relatively low temperature operation at 80°C. The materials are used to make them reasonably safe with low maintenance requirements. 

NMED (DBS A 1995). DBS A s careful evaluation of site conditions resulted in cost savings to NMSHTD in excess of 200,000 on well construction alone. DBS A further reduced construction costs by using a portable shed to house the IC engine and blowers and the assistance of NMSHTD personnel during construction. 

The SVE system required no significant adjustments during the first six months of operation. Every 2 to 3 days, a local technician performed routine maintenance on the IC engine, removed condensed water from the SVE piping runs, and recorded the volume of supplemental natural gas that had been consumed. 

S. P. Salanki, J. S. Wallace, The use of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures in a lean-Bum IC engine . Proceedings of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Conference. Vancouver 2003, Canada (2003). 

The mechanism of action of surfactant additives. The operation of internal combustion (IC) engines results in the formation of by-products gases, soot particles, acids, water and free radical sources. 

Micellar copper particles (and copper oxide) can give maximum benefit when used as multifunctional additives in liquid lubricants or greases, internal-combustion (IC) engines, fuels, cutting fluids, and hydraulic fluids. 

Lubricant samples of a 15W50 fully synthetic oil were examined every 2,000 km and continued up to 21,500 km (Kaleli and Khorramian, 1998). Following is an example of oil performance by measuring the flash-point changes during an IC engine operation. 

Water extracts of lubricants. In general, water should not be present in internal combustion (IC) engine lubricating oils. The presence of more than a small amount (> 0.2%) of water indicates either a cooling system leak or condensation due to cold operation (Haith, 1970). Water can also accumulate in... 

Figures 6.8 and 6.9 Reprinted from Tribol. Int., Vol. 23, M.F. Fox, J.D. Picken and Z. Pawlak, The effect of water on the acid-base properties of new and used IC engine lubricating oils, pp.183-187. Copyright 1990, with permission from Elsevier.

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