Hysteresis index

Fig. 8.47 Phenanthrene adsorption-desorption hysteresis observed for Lachine and Chelsa humic acid aggregate the hysteresis index is given by n. Reprinted from Huang W, Peng, P. Yu, Z. and Fu J (2003) Effects of organic matter heterogeneity on sorption and desorption of organic contaminants by soils and sediments. Appl Geochem 18 955-972. Copyright 2003 with permission of Elsevier...

The extent of phenanthrene mineralization parallels that expected based on the hysteresis index and SOM classification (5). Michigan Peat and Chelsea Soil are somewhat comparable, which is supported by the similar hysteresis indices and sorption capacity found by Huang (6). Initially, Lachine Shale has a mineralization profile that is considerably lower than the other two soils, but after extended time periods it approaches that of the other two soils. The mineralization profiles for two and four month equilibration times are shown in Figure 2. 

The qualitative voltammetric behavior of methanol oxidation on Pt is very similar to that of formic acid. The voltammetry for the oxidation of methanol on Pt single crystals shows a clear hysteresis between the positive- and negative-going scans due to the accumulation of the poisoning intermediate at low potentials and its oxidation above 0.7 V (vs. RHE) [Lamy et al., 1982]. Additionally, the reaction is also very sensitive to the surface stmcture. The order in the activity of the different low index planes of Pt follows the same order than that observed for formic acid. Thus, the Pt(l 11) electrode has the lowest catalytic activity and the smallest hysteresis, indicating that both paths of the reaction are slow, whereas the Pt( 100) electrode displays a much higher catalytic activity and a fast poisoning reaction. As before, the activity of the Pt(l 10) electrode depends on the pretreatment of the surface (Fig. 6.17). 

The symbol for micron (pan), for refractive index and for coefficient of friction. A high mu rubber (fomerly termed high hysteresis, high energy-loss or cling rubber) is one specially developed for the wearing surface of pneumatic tyre treads to improve road holding. 

Refractive index fluctuates in the range 1.37 - 1.57 depending on the basic siloxane chain framework (Fig. 1). The influence of the siloxane chain framework on the refractive index was studied over a wide temperature range, and hysteresis was found on the curve of refractive index vs temperature (Fig. 2). 

GPa, and above 15 GPa, respectively [226]. All phase transitions were reported to occur only at temperatures above 570 K. In addition, the phases were found to be unquenchable to STP conditions. The structure of the lower pressure phase was automatically indexed as a hexagonal unit cell with the parameters a=697.6(l) and c=429.1(2) pm at 4.2 GPa and 300 K, containing nine atoms. The crystal structure was compared with those of hexagonal selenium and tellurium, and therefore a hehcal structure of sulfur was assumed. The phase at 8-15 GPa was interpreted as Se with a hexagonal unit cell containing 18 atoms. The phase above 15 GPa remained unsolved in these studies. All three phases showed a large hysteresis. 

At 82-84 GPa, in the studies of Akahama et al. [201] and Luo et al. [200], respectively, new diffraction lines appeared which were indexed as a base-centered orthorhombic (bco) lattice (Fig. 24). On theoretical grounds, such a structure should be metallic [190, 237]. Luo et al. stated that the transformation from the unknown phase to the bco phase was not completed until about 100 GPa because of the persistence of a diffraction peak from the previous phase. On the other hand, Akahama et al. reported a transition pressure of about 89 GPa. The bco phase showed a hysteresis of about 6 GPa upon lowering the pressure [201]. Further evidence for the transition to a metallic phase comes from the optical reflectivity measurements of Luo et al. [204]. Below 88 GPa, the reflectivity was reported to be low (typically... 

The relationship between contact angle hysteresis (0a - 0r) and the equilibrium contact angle is shown in Figure 9. The equilibrium position of the menisci is shown in dotted lines. When the pressure differential, Pr - Pa, has increased to the critical point, the menisci are in the position shown by the solid lines but the line boundaries remain at RR and AA. A definite volume of liquid, V, has been transferred from the receding to the advancing end of the index, where it appears... 

Figure 10.13 shows experimental setup for the optical characteristic measurement of PMNT ceramics [133]. The size of PMN-PT ceramic sample was 5 mm X 2 mm x 1 mm for length x width x thickness. Ti/Pt/Au layers were sputtered on both surfaces of the ceramics as electrodes. Two collimators were used to collimate the incident beam and receive the transmission beam. The output beam was detected by using an optical spectrometer and phase demodulation. Because the PMN-PT electro-optic ceramics have a large refractive index, i.e., n = 2.465, the ceramic samples could be considered as a Fabry-Perot (FP) resonator, which can be used to measure the electric hysteresis and thermo-optic coefficient. The applied voltage generated a transverse electro-optic effect for the transmission light beam. 

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