Hypoxia metabolic responses

Grieshaber M, Hardewig I, Kreutzer U, Pcirtner H-0 (1994) Physiologial and metabolic responses to hypoxia in invertebrates. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 125 43-147... 

Taylor, A.C. and Spicer, J. I., Metabolic responses of the prawns Palaemon elegans and P. serratus (Crustacea Decapoda) to acute hypoxia and anoxia, Mar. Biol., 95, 521, 1987. 

Morris, S., and J. Collaghan (1998). Respiratory and metabolic responses of the Australian yabby, Cherax destructor, to progressive and sustained environmental hypoxia. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 168 377-388. 

Vanhatalo et investigated the influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscle metabolism and oxidative function. P MRS showed muscle PCr, P and pH changed at a faster rate in hypoxic conditions with no dietary nitrate compared to hypoxia with nitrate or normoxia conditions. The limit of tolerance to exercise was similarly affected and there was also a longer recovery of PCr under hypoxic conditions with no nitrate supplementation. Davies et assessed the impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on muscle metabolic response to dynamic exercise. Incremental knee extensor exercise was performed inside the bore of a 1.5 T magnet before, and 48 h after, executing 100 squats with a load corresponding to 70% of body mass. 

Perfusion and hypoxia. Models of hypoxia and ischaemia have been examined in four papers. H MRS has been used by Hai et al. to examine a rat model of chronic hyperperfusion. A decrease in the ratio of tNAA/tCr was observed, but no other changes in metabolites were detected. The morphological and metabolic responses to hypobaric... 

The rate and extent of these changes are consistent with metabolic adaptations to hypoxia rather than impairment of uptake due the changes in root morphology. Thus Kronzucker et al. (1998a) argue that the initial up-regulation of NH4+ influx was a response to cytoplasmic acidosis involving decarboxylation of N... 

By the way, how would Freud have understood breathing Certainly not as the expression of an intrinsic brain stem oscillator equipped with its own metabolic energy and its own information encoded in its connections and chemical signals. His model of the brain did not envisage these properties. Using the reflex model he would have to suppose that we breathe in response to external inputs like hypoxia and hypercapnea. Of course the medullary respiratory oscillator is responsive to—and hence... 

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