Hypoxia and anoxia

Nishizawa K, Inoue O, Saito Y, et al. 1994. Protective effects of Kamikihi-to, a traditional Chinese medicine against cerebral ischemia, hypoxia and anoxia in mice and gerbils. Jpn J Pharmacol 64 7171-177. 

Enhanced nutrient loading from land also appears to be increasing the areal extent, duration, and intensity of hypoxia and anoxia in the coastal zone and marginal seas. While the perennial open-ocean systems occupy a fer larger volume of seawater than the seasonal coastal systems, O2 deficiencies are more intense in the latter, often leading to anoxia. Thus, considerable attention is currently fiacused on reducing nutrient loading to nearshore waters. 

The fate of protein catabolites in hypoxia and anoxia provides evidence that the phenomenon is widespread or even universal. Indeed, the principal biochemical mechanism of protein catabolism was originally discovered under hypoxic conditions in molluscs (Hochachka and Mustafa, 1972 ... 

Taylor, A.C. and Spicer, J. I., Metabolic responses of the prawns Palaemon elegans and P. serratus (Crustacea Decapoda) to acute hypoxia and anoxia, Mar. Biol., 95, 521, 1987. 

Bickler, P.E., and L.T. Buck (1998). Adaptation of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia and anoxia maintaining critical Ca++ concentrations. J. Exp. Biol. 201 1141-1152. 

Mustroph A., Albrecht G. Tolerance of crop plants to oxygen deficiency stress fermentative activity and photosynthetic capacity of entire seedlings under hypoxia and anoxia. Physiologia Plantarum 2003 117(4) 508-520. 

Bidder PE, Buck LT. 1998. Adaptations of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia and anoxia Maintaining critical Ca " concentrations. J Exp Biol 201 1141-1152. 

Milton SL, Nayak G, Lutz PL, Prentice HM. 2006. Gene transcription of neuroglobin is upregulated by hypoxia and anoxia in the brain of the anoxia-tolerant turtle Tra-chetnys seripta. J Biomed Sci 13 509-514. 

The physiology of sohd tumors is uniquely different to that of normal tissues. It is characterized, inter aha, by a chaotic microvascular structure and function, O2 depletion (hypoxia and anoxia, respectively), extracellular acidosis, significant interstitial fluid flow, and interstitial hypertension, creating a hostile pathophysiological microenvironment (see Chap. 4). This microenvironment is not static, but instead is quite dynamic (and therefore more complex than previously assumed), describing a situation that is not compatible with earher, conventional dogmas. 

Unhke that of the adult, fetal metabolism is geared toward tissue accretion and maturation in preparation for birth (109) however, like the adult, there is an absolute requirement for oxidative metabolism to achieve these ends. The fetus, especially in early to midgestation, has a much lower metabohc rate than its adult counterpart (Fig. 4) and yet, unlike the adult, the fetus is capable of withstanding prolonged periods of profound hypoxia and anoxia. 

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