Hypokalemia causes

Contraindications are hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (increase in inotropism can increase outflow tract obstruction), AF in WPW syndrome (can cause precipitation of the arrhythmia to ventricular fibrillation (VF) by preferential conduction over the accessory pathway), significant AV-block or sick sinus syndrome, hypokalemia (causes increased digoxin sensitivity and supraventricular/ventricular arrhythmia), thyreotoxicosis, postinfarction status (increased mortality). Caution should be exerted in renal failure, and coadministration of other drugs depressing sinus node or AV-nodal function. 

Hypokalemia develops because insuhn drives potassium from serum into cells. It is most often encountered in patients with ketoacidosis when insulin therapy is instituted. Severe hypokalemia causes cardiac arrhythmias and neuromuscular disturbances. Repeated injections at the same site may result in atrophy or hyperplasia at the injection site. 

Diuretics can cause hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and hypemricemia. After long-term treatment they may increase semm triglyceride and cholesterol... 

In long-term treatment, the thia2ides may produce hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hypemricemia, and a 5% increase in plasma cholesterol indapamide has been shown not to increase plasma cholesterol or Hpids at therapeutic doses (21—23). The decrease of plasma potassium, ie, hypokalemic effect, is dose-dependent, and can be avoided if high doses are avoided (24,25). Thia2ides can cause hyponatremia in patients with large water intake while on the dmg (26,27) hyponatremia may be associated with nausea, vomiting, and headaches. 

The use of CA inhibitors as diuretics is limited by their propensity to cause metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia. Their use can be indicated in patients with metabolic alkalosis and secondary hyperaldosteronism resulting for example from aggressive use of loop diuretics. Furthermore, CA inhibitors are effective dtugs to produce a relatively alkaline urine for the treatment of cysteine and uric acid stones as well as for the accelerated excretion of salicylates. Perhaps the most common use of CA inhibitors is in the treatment of glaucoma. 

Hypokalemia is a reduction of plasma K+ concentration below 3.5 mM. Hypokalemia can result from a reduction in dietary K+ intake and from a shift of K into the intracellular space. The most common of hypokalemia, however, is renal K+ loss (i.e., caused by diuretics). 

Liddle s syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by persistent hyperactivity of the epithelial Na channel. Its symptoms mimic aldosterone excess, but plasma aldosterone levels are actually reduced (pseudoaldosteronism). The disease is characterized by early onset arterial hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. 

Insulin is necessary for controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus that is caused by a marked decrease in the amount of insulin produced by die pancreas. Insulin is also used to control the more severe and complicated forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, many patients can control type 2 diabetes with diet and exercise alone or with diet, exercise, and an oral antidiabetic drug (see section Oral Antidiabetic Dmgp ). Insulin may also be used in the treatment of severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or diabetic coma. Insulin is also used in combination with glucose to treat hypokalemia by producing a shift of potassium from die blood and into die cells. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 704-706J Triamterene produces retention of the K ion by inhibiting in the collecting duct the reabsorption of Na, which is accompanied by the excretion of K ions. The loop diuretics furosemide and bumetanide cause as a possible adverse action the development of hypokalemia. In addition, thiazides (e g, hydrochlorothiazide) and the thiazide-related agents (e.g., metolazone) can cause the loss of K ions with the consequences of hypokalemia. Triamterene can be given with a loop diuretic or thiazide to prevent or correct the condition of hypokalemia. 

Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause hyperglycemia and hypokalemia ... 

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