Hygromycin antibiotic

Brodersen DE, Clemons WM, Carter AP et al (2000) The structural basis for the action of the antibiotics tetracycline, pactamycin and hygromycin B on the 30S ribosomal subunit. Cell 103 1143-1154... 

Although not as popular as the baculovirus-system, stable transformations of insect cells can be used to circumvent the problems mentioned in the last paragraph. Common hosts include the fruitfly and mosquito. The expressed genes are often under the control of the Drosophila metallothionein promoter. Genes coding for resistance to antibiotics such as hygromycin and neomycin are used as selection markers. 

The primary application of RIA for antibiotics has been in the medical area, and primarily for antibiotics not used in agriculture. Assays have been developed for gentamicin tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin and for hygromycin B, an antibiotic used primarily in agriculture (36-37, 22-24). Gentamycin could be measured as low as 80 pg, tobramycin 280 pg, netilmicin 300 pg mL. 

S ATP + hygromycin B <1> (<1> responsible for resistance against hygromycin B, an aminocyclitol antibiotic [1] resistance to hygromycin B also occurs in Escherichia coli, where a plasmid encodes a hygromycin B phos-... 

Included in the class of macrocyclic lactones are avermectins and milbemycins, which are fermentation products possessing a 16-member cyclic lactone, a spiroketal moiety, and a disaccharide unit. Abamycin, ivermectin, doramectin, and eprinomycin are the avermectins most often available for anthelminthic treatment of livestock, whereas moxidectin is a milbemycin with worldwide acclaim as a cattle anthelminthic. Other anthelminthics currently used in food-producing animals are clorsulon, which is a benzenesulphonamide derivative praziquantel, which is a racemate derivative of pyrazino-isoquinoline and hygromycin B, which is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that exhibits anthelminthic properties. 

The 6-dcoxy-/J-D-c -c//hHohexofuranoside-5-ulose, a constituent of the sugar-cinnamate unit 234 of the antibiotic hygromycin, and several related analogues, have been synthesized from 6-deoxy-/J-D-glucofuranosides via a 2,3-epoxide and selective oxidation at C-5 with the Jones reagent.445... 

MDCKII cells are cultured according to Cui et al. (2001). In brief, cells are cultured in minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 pg/ml streptomycin in humidified 5 % C02/95 % air at 37 °C. For selection antibiotics are added (1 mg/ml zeocin, 800 xg/ml G418 disulfate, 500 pg/ml hygromycin B). Cells are passaged every 3 to 4 days at 1 10 to 1 15 ratios. 

The second component of an expression vector comprises DNA sequences required for the selection, maintenance and copy-number amplification of the vector in the host cell wherein protein expression is desired. Obviously, this region is not needed for expression in E. coli. The selectable markers used in other host cells may be an enzyme conferring the ability to produce a nutrient essential for growth of the host cell, or transformation of cell morphology, or resistance to antibiotics (such as hygromycin or geneticin). Sequences for the maintenance of the vector DNA are required for the autonomous replication of the plasmid in these host cells except in cases where the vector sequences Tntegrate into chromosomes of the... 

P. Herczegh, M. Zsdby, L. Szil gyi, 1. Bajza, A. Kovacs, G. Batta, and R. Bogndr, Inter- and intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of sugar derivatives, ACS Symp. Sen 494 112 (1992). N. Chida, M. Ohtsuka, K. Nakazawa, and S. Ogawa, Total synthesis of antibiotic hygromycin A, J. Org. Chem. 56 2976 (1991). 

The orthosomycin antibiotics [46] are stmcturally characterized by one or more interglycosidic spiro-ortholactone linkages, replacing the traditional acetal junctions [47]. The natural occurrence of orthoesters is rare, but within recent years several examples of antibiotics possessing this common stmctural feature have been described. The orthosomycins include flambamycin, the eveminomicins-B, -C, -D and -2, hygromycin, the destomycins-A, -B and -C and the antibiotics SS-56-C and A-396-I (O Fig. 7). The orthosomycins have been divided into two... 

Hygromycin A [1] is classified chemically as a member of the aminocyclitols antibiotic family represented by streptomycin and kanamycin. Its structure determined by degradation and spectral analyses, (72, 13) revealed that it consists of three unusual moieties, namely S-dehydro-a-L-fucofuranose, ( )-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid, and an aminocyclitol (2L-2-amino-2-deoxy-4,5-0-methylene- eo-inositol). The 5-dehydro-a-L-fucofuranose moiety is attached by a glycosidic linkage of the 4-hydroxy position of ( )-3-... 

Figure 1. Structures of hygromycin A, hygromycinA analogues, and antibiotic A201 A,...

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