Hygromycins

Derivatives Containing a 5-Monosubstituted-2-deoxystreptamine Moiety. Few derivatives of this type are known. One is hygromycin B (15) isolated from Streptomjces hjgroscopicus and Streptomjces eurocidicus (131—133). The antibacterial activity is poor, but hygromycin B is reported to have anthelmintic activity (see AnTIPARASITIC AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS). 

Figure 2 The bound structures of paromomycin and hygromycin B in helix 44 of the 30S subunit. Two nucleotides in helix 44, A1492 and A1493, are labeled, as are rings i-iv of paromomycin and rings I—IV of hygromycin B (from Brodersen et al. [4] with copyright permission).

Brodersen DE, Clemons WM, Carter AP et al (2000) The structural basis for the action of the antibiotics tetracycline, pactamycin and hygromycin B on the 30S ribosomal subunit. Cell 103 1143-1154... 

Although not as popular as the baculovirus-system, stable transformations of insect cells can be used to circumvent the problems mentioned in the last paragraph. Common hosts include the fruitfly and mosquito. The expressed genes are often under the control of the Drosophila metallothionein promoter. Genes coding for resistance to antibiotics such as hygromycin and neomycin are used as selection markers. 

Bacitracin B Chlortetracycline B Erythromycin B Hygromycin B H Lasalocid C Lincomycin B Monensin C Neomycin B Novobiocin B Nystatin F Oxytetracycline B Penicillin G B Salinomycin C Streptomycin B Tylosin B Virginiamycin... 

The primary application of RIA for antibiotics has been in the medical area, and primarily for antibiotics not used in agriculture. Assays have been developed for gentamicin tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin and for hygromycin B, an antibiotic used primarily in agriculture (36-37, 22-24). Gentamycin could be measured as low as 80 pg, tobramycin 280 pg, netilmicin 300 pg mL. 

Producers, Product Profiles, Genetics, and Biosynthesis of Hygromycin B (HYG-B). Hygromycin B (HYG-B Figure 2.27) was first described in 1953 as a product of Streptomyces hygroscopicus ssp. hygroscopicus DSM 40578 and... 

Figure 2.27. Structures of (A) hygromycin A (HYG-A) family AGAs and (B) hygro-mycin B (HYG-B).

A, amikacin Ap, apramycin B, butirosin D, dibekacin G, gentamicin H, hygromycin I, isepam-icin K, kanamycin L, lividomycin N, netilmicin Ne, neomycin P, paromomycin R, ribostamycin S, sisomicin Sp, spectinomycin St, streptomycin T, tobramycin. 

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