Hydroxyapatite nanofillers

Other filler materials are hydroxyapatite, aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride. In addition, nanofillers are used. PEEK polymer filled with nano sized silica or alumina fillers of 15-30 nm exhibit an improvement of the mechanical properties by 20-50%. The agglomeration tendency can be somewhat dimiiushed by a modification of the surface of the fillers with stearic acid. °... 

PMMA/hydroxyapatite bone cement. Both nanostructures were found to capture the radicals produced during the cement polymerization process, thereby hampering their normal course and affecting the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, especially the one-dimensional nanoform [145]. Recently, we have compared both 1D and 2D carbon nanostructures and the effect of functionalization on the thermomechanical properties. As seen in Figure 10.13, the nanofillers containing carboxylic groups provided the best mechanical response at 1 wt% loading. Additionally, the 2D carbon structures provided better reinforcement in the electrospun fibers when compared to the ID carbon nanomaterials [116,158]. 

The bioactivity of the PCL-Si02 hybrid system demonstrated by the formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of samples soaked in a fluid simulating the composition of human blood plasma [358, 361]. Studies on the bioactivity of PMMA-Si02 nanohybrid materials has indicated that they are suitable materials for use as bioactive bone substitutes or as nanofillers for PMMA bone cement [362]. 

For most SMPINCs, the use of various inorganic fillers for their unique composite properties is prohibitive in a biological setting because of the cytotoxicity of the nanofillers. However, researchers have recently been adding biocompatible inorganics to polymer networks in order to obtain more biofriendly properties. For example, when researchers added the bone mineral-mimicking hydroxyapatite (HA) to a poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) network, they not only validated a SMPINC... 

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