Hydroxy fumaric acid

P4ALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) 9a,21-dichloro-17-[(2-furanyl-carbonyl)oxyl]-llb-hydroxy-16a-methyl-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione. See Mometasone fluroate. 

The FCC is to food-additive chemicals what the USP—NF is to dmgs. In fact, many chemicals that are used in dmgs also are food additives (qv) and thus may have monographs in both the USP—NF and in the FCC. Examples of food-additive chemicals are ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (see Vitamins), butylated hydroxytoluene [128-37-0] (BHT) (see Antioxidants), calcium chloride [10043-52-4] (see Calcium compounds), ethyl vanillin [121-32-4] (see Vanillin), ferrous fumarate [7705-12-6] and ferrous sulfate [7720-78-7] (see Iron compounds), niacin [59-67-6] sodium chloride [7647-14-5] sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] (see lkaliand cm ORiNE products), sodium phosphate dibasic [7558-79-4] (see Phosphoric acids and phosphates), spearmint oil [8008-79-5] (see Oils, essential), tartaric acid [133-37-9] (see Hydroxy dicarboxylic acids), tragacanth [9000-65-1] (see Gums), and vitamin A [11103-57-4]. 

VITAMINS - BIOTIN] (Vol 25) - [MAT. ETC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) - [MAIONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 15) - [MICROBIALTRANSFORMATIONS] (Voll6) -as food additive [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) -fortifying roan [PAPERMAKING ADDITIVES] (Vol 18) -hydrahonof [HYDROXY DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 13) -m meat processing [MEAT PRODUCTS] (Vol 16)... 

Figure 10-9 Representation of the course of enzyme-induced hydration of fumaric acid (trans-butenedioic acid) to give L-malic acid (L-2-hydroxy-butanedioic acid). If the enzyme complexes with either—C02H (carboxyl) group of fumaric acid, and then adds OH from its right hand and H from its left, the proper stereoisomer (l) is produced by antarafacial addition to the double bond. At least three particular points of contact must occur between enzyme and substrate to provide the observed stereospecificity of the addition. Thus, if the enzyme functions equally well with the alkenic hydrogen or the carboxyl toward its mouth (as shown in the drawing) the reaction still will give antarafacial addition, but o,L-malic acid will be the product.

Numerous organic acids have been identified in tobacco. These volatile, nonvolatile, and amino acids have been discussed in-depth by Tso [see Chapter 24 in (3973)]. The major nonvolatile acids are 2-hydroxy-l,2,3-propanetricarboxylic (citric), hydroxybutanedioic (malic), and ethanedioic (oxalic). The minor nonvolatile acids are hydroxyacetic (glycolic), butanedioic (succinic), propanedioic acid (malonic), butene-dioic (E) (fumaric acid), and 2-oxopropanoic (pyruvic). The major volatile acids in tobacco are acetic and formic acid minor volatile acids are propanoic, 2-furancarboxylic acid (2-furoic), benzoic, a-methylbutyric, P-methylvaleric, and numerous others. Over forty amino acids and related compounds have been identified in tobacco [Leffingwell (2337)]. 

The water molecule coordinated with Cr can be converted into hydroxy group by elimination of a proton. After chromium(lll) fumarato-coordination compound was precipitated from its aqueous solution at pH of 2.7, the elemental analysis showed that the ratio of chromium to fumaric acid was 1 1.29. 

Pyrocatechol ozonation at 15% conversion degree gave the following yields o-quinone - 85%, pyrogallol - 3%, ozonide - 10%, muconic acid -2%, maleic acid and fumaric acids and the polymeric products - 1%. The ratio between the amount of absorbed ozone and the consumed pyrocatechol was calculated to be 6. Similar ratio values have also been obtained for the other hydroxybenzenes with free hydroxy groups. 

Various methods for the synthesis of sC-stars were reported. C(CH20H)4 and EtC(CH20H)3 were used as initiators with various acids as promoters to polymerise eC in solution and bulk. The best control was obtained with we acid in 5-15 times excess (fumaric acid, pKa = 3.02, 90°C, 6—24h, n,arm = 1-3-5.7 kg/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.06—1.14 conversion of eC — 78-99%). Stronger acid gives broader distributions [155]. A 2,2-bis(hydroxy-methyl) propionic-acid-based hyperbranched polymer served as initiator for eC to generate a star polymer with up to 40 arms (Mn/arm < 5000 Mw/Mn = 1.4 2.6) [156]. A glycerol core with catalytic amounts of SnOct yielded a 3-arm PeC (Marm = l-7kg/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.45-1.68, 130°C, 48h) [157]. 

Acetic, aconitic, ascorbic, benzoic, butyric, caffeic, citric, /j-coumaric, ferulic, fumaric, glutaric, glycolic, glyoxilic, malic, malonic, oxalacetic, oxalic, p-hydroxy benzoic, propionic, succinic, syringic, tartaric, valeric, vanillic Fatty acids... 

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