Hydrophobic Hydroxyl group

Carboxylic Acid Esters. In the carboxyflc acid ester series of surfactants, the hydrophobe, a naturally occurring fatty acid, is solubilized with the hydroxyl groups of polyols or the ether and terminal hydroxyl groups of ethylene oxide chains. 

Only the hydrophobic and steric terms were involved in these equations. There are a few differences between these equations and the corresponding equations for cyclo-dextrin-substituted phenol systems. However, it is not necessarily required that the mechanism for complexation between cyclodextrin and phenyl acetates be the same as that for cyclodextrin-phenol systems. The kinetically determined Kj values are concerned only with productive forms of inclusion complexes. The productive forms may be similar in structure to the tetrahedral intermediates of the reactions. To attain such geometry, the penetration of substituents of phenyl acetates into the cyclodextrin cavity must be shallow, compared with the cases of the corresponding phenol systems, so that the hydrogen bonding between the substituents of phenyl acetates and the C-6 hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrin may be impossible. 

The alkaline product from the wood ash was a crude solution of sodium and potassium carbonates called "lye". On boiling the vegetable oil with the lye, the soap (sodium and potassium salts of long chained fatty acids) separated from the lye due to the dispersive interactions between the of the fatty acid alkane chains and were thus, called "lyophobic". It follows that "lyophobic", from a physical chemical point of view, would be the same as "hydrophobic", and interactions between hydrophobic and lyophobic materials are dominantly dispersive. The other product of the soap making industry was glycerol which remained in the lye and was consequently, termed "lyophilic". Thus, glycerol mixes with water because of its many hydroxyl groups and is very polar and hence a "hydrophilic" or "lyophilic" substance. 

The presence of a large number of chain-ends in the fully synthesized dendrimer molecules makes them highly soluble and also readily miscible, for example with other dendrimer solutions. The solubility is controlled by the nature of the end-groups, so that dendrimers with hydrophilic groups, such as hydroxyl or carboxylic acid, at the ends of the branches are soluble in polar solvents, whereas dendrimers with hydrophobic end-groups are soluble in non-polar solvents. The density of the end-groups at the surface of the dendrimer molecule means that they have proportionately more influence on the solubility than in linear polymers. Hence a dendritic polyester has been shown to be more soluble in tetrahydrofuran than an equivalent linear polyester. 

A close relationship exists between physicochemical properties of pigment molecules and their ability to be absorbed and thus to exhibit biological functions. Carotenoids are hydrophobic molecules that require a lipophilic environment. In vivo, they are found in precise locations and orientations within biological membranes. For example, the dihydroxycarotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin orient themselves perpendicularly to the membrane surface as molecular rivets in order to expose their hydroxyl groups to a more polar environment. 

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