Hydrolysis copper chloride

Together with phosphine, noticeable amounts of diphosphine and higher phosphines are formed by the hydrolysis of calcium phosphide thus, this reaction can be used for the preparation of such compounds. Quesnel reported that the formation of diphosphine can be avoided when aqueous hydrochloric acid is added drop-wise to a mixture of calcium phosphide and copper chloride (proportions by weight, CaaPj CuClj = 10 1) in boiling alcohol, for example, methanol, or in dioxane. 

Three new macrocyclic ligands (187) when complexed with zinc(II) could promote ester hydrolysis and a kinetic study of the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate in Tris buffer at pH 8.63 in 10% (v/v) MeCN was earned out with these.153 The hydrolysis of lipophilic esters is also catalysed by zinc(H) in a complex of a long alkyl-pendant macrocyclic tetraamine (188) in micellar solution.154 A study with a copper chloride-containing micelle has compared its effectiveness in the hydrolysis of esters and amides.155... 

STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION OF THE COPPER-CHLORIDE HYBRID THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE USING OPTICAL SPECTROMETRIES... 

Study of the hydrolysis reaction of the copper-chloride hybrid thermochemical cycle using optical spectrometries... 

The purpose of this article is to study the viability of the copper chloride thermochemical cycle by studying the hydrolysis reaction of CuCl2 which is not favoured thermodynamically. To better understand the occurrence of possible side reactions, together with a good control of the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction, the use of optical absorption spectrometries, UV visible spectrometry to detect molecular chlorine which may be formed in side reactions, FTIR spectrometry to follow the concentrations of H20 and HCl is proposed. 

The chemistry outlined above was used in a synthesis of (-L)-ptilocaulin (Scheme 118). Lithiation of (75) followed by addition of copper chloride and an electrophile gave (76). Highly diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of 2-lithio-1,3-dithiane followed by treatment with TMS-chloride, oxidation, and hydrolysis produced the intermediate (77). 

Oxidation. Terminally silylated homopropargylic alcohols give y-lactones. The Wacker oxidation can be carried out using substoichiometric Cu(OAc instead of the copper chloride. This modified procedure is operationally simpler and avoids hydrolysis of acetonide when it is present. 

General experimental details are as follows.697b It is usual first to mix the carbonyl component with the amine, which is presented as, e.g., hydrochloride or acetate. An appropriate hydrogen ion concentration must be maintained. For the preparation of aminoalkyl compounds that are liable to hydrolysis it is recommended that the water produced be removed by a drying agent or by azeotropic distillation. Dioxan is a suitable solvent, but it is often recommended that acetic acid be added to it. Ketones react better in alcohol with paraformaldehyde. Copper chloride or iron chloride is said to be a useful addition in reactions of acetylenes. Reactions of amines, phenols, and furans, even under mild conditions, may be accompanied by multiple condensation or resinification. 4-Hydroxybenzylamine is reported706 to be obtained in 92% yield when ammonia is led into a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde. 

Corrosion of overhead equipment in crude distillation units is associated with HjS and with acidity from hydrolysis of chloride salts. It is controlled by neutralization to pH 6-6.5 with ammonia or an amine, plus inhibition. Similar problems may occur in other distillation units, except that hydrochloric acid may not be present. The corrosive nature of the cooling water may require use of condenser tube alloys such as titanium or copper alloys. 

Contrarily to the observed behavior of the copper chloride, the diffusion of Fe2(S04)3 is affected by the presence of lactose in aqueous solutions for [lactose]/[Fe2(SO )3] = 2, Pactose]/[Fe2(S04)3] = 3, and [lactose]/ [Fe2(SO )3] = 4 (Fig. 1.4). This behavior can be explained considering the main interactions that can occur (a) interactions between lactose and iron cation (b) interactions between lactose and sulphate anion (c) interactions between lactose and water (d) hydrolysis of iron cation. The transport of an appreciable fraction of ferric sulfate may occur as a result of the initial Fe2(SO )3 gradient, but also by a further hydrogen ion flux, resulting of the hydrolysis of Fe(III). "... 

Cupric chloride or copper(II) chloride [7447-39 ], CUCI2, is usually prepared by dehydration of the dihydrate at 120°C. The anhydrous product is a dehquescent, monoclinic yellow crystal that forms the blue-green orthohombic, bipyramidal dihydrate in moist air. Both products are available commercially. The dihydrate can be prepared by reaction of copper carbonate, hydroxide, or oxide and hydrochloric acid followed by crystallization. The commercial preparation uses a tower packed with copper. An aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride is circulated through the tower and chlorine gas is sparged into the bottom of the tower to effect oxidation of the copper metal. Hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride is used to prevent hydrolysis of the copper(II) (11,12). Copper(II) chloride is very soluble in water and soluble in methanol, ethanol, and acetone. 

The phthalide 25, obtainable by condensation of 4,4 -bisdimethyl-aminobenzophenone-2-carboxylic acid with 3-dimethylaminoacetanilide and subsequent hydrolysis, was diazotized in sulfuric acid and the resultant diazonium salt treated with copper powder to yield 26. However, better yields are reportedly obtained by carrying out ring closure of the diazonium salt in phosphoric acid.103 A further synthetic route has also been described in which phthalides undergo intramolecular cyclization in the presence of aluminum chloride and urea.104,105 Thus, Crystal Violet lactone (2) has been directly converted into phthalide 26.106... 

Interestingly, the Fischer indole synthesis does not easily proceed from acetaldehyde to afford indole. Usually, indole-2-carboxylic acid is prepared from phenylhydrazine with a pyruvate ester followed by hydrolysis. Traditional methods for decarboxylation of indole-2-carboxylic acid to form indole are not environmentally benign. They include pyrolysis or heating with copper-bronze powder, copper(I) chloride, copper chromite, copper acetate or copper(II) oxide, in for example, heat-transfer oils, glycerol, quinoline or 2-benzylpyridine. Decomposition of the product during lengthy thermolysis or purification affects the yields. 

Note 5) is equipped with a powerful mechanical stirrer and a thermometer and is immersed to a depth of 20 cm. in an ice bath. A mixture of 11. of thiophene-free benzene and 2 1. of 6 A hydrochloric acid is placed in the copper vessel. The above reaction mixture is added to the vigorously stirred contents of the copper can at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 25° (about two hours is required). When the addition is. complete, the reaction flask is rinsed with a little ice water, and the rinsings are added to the hydrolysis mixture. Stirring is continued for ten minutes longer. The benzene layer is decanted, and the aqueous layer is diluted with 1 1. of ice water. The aqueous layer is extracted with 500 cc. of benzene and is discarded. The combined benzene solutions are washed with 250 cc. of ice-cold hydrochloric acid and are dried for two hours in a stoppered flask over 250 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride. 

Hydrolysis, of ethyl a-(isopropylid-eneaminooxy)propionate, 48,121 of halogenated aromatic compounds in the presence of copper and cuprous oxide, 48, 96 of fl-iso valerol ac tam-N-su 1 fony 1 chloride to give /S-isovalerolactam, 46,51... 

Addition of RMgBr to nitriles. Grignard reagents react with nitriles slowly if at all, but even r-butylmagnesium chloride will add to nitriles in refluxing THF when catalyzed by a copper(I) salt. The adduct can be converted to a ketimine by anhydrous protonation, to a primary amine by reduction (Li/NH,), or to a ketone by hydrolysis. The actual reagent may be a cuprate such as R3Cu(MgX)2. 

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