Hydrolysis chemistry

The implication of these two examples is that the medium in which the Pu(IV) hydrolysis chemistry is studied has a strong bearing on the outcome of the results. In the past, we were content to treat the pure systems and either ignore external interferences (such as the atmosphere) or infer the behavior of mixtures (such as Pu + and U02 " ") based on the known chemistries of the individual species. The example of U02 + interactions with Pu(IV) polymer demonstrates that neither of these approaches is accurate. Therefore, future research efforts will necessarily have to consider plutonium hydrolysis reactions in more detail than has previously been done. 

In dilute solutions, these reactions produce a series of M(OH) (n = 1-4) hydrolysis species with populations that depend on solution pH (17). Hydrolysis chemistry is fundamental to the behavior of trivalent metal ions in water as the extent of hydrolysis governs the polymerization of metal ions into extended structures that eventually crystallize into secondary oxide and oxyhydroxide minerals and clays. When building a general capability to simulation geochemical reaction mechanisms, hydrolysis is the place to begin. If the hydrolysis equilibria of... 

In the case of xylometazoline hydrochloride, imine hydrolysis chemistry occurs to open the 4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole ring (Fig. 55) (90). Similar degradation chemistry is observed for the following APIs flurazepam hydrochloride (91), clorazepate dipotassium (92), clonazepam (93), methaqualone (94), chlordiazepoxide, and oxazepam (18). 

The serine hydrolase family is one of the largest and most diverse classes of enzymes. They include proteases, peptidases, lipases, esterases, and amidases and play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological process including inflammation [53], angiogenesis [54], cancer [55], and diabetes [56]. This enzyme family catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester, thioester, and amide bonds in a variety of protein and nonprotein substrates. This hydrolysis chemistry is accomplished by the activation of a conserved serine residue, which then attacks the substrate carbonyl. The resulting covalent adduct is then cleaved by a water molecule, restoring the serine to its active state [57] (Scheme 1). 

The often uncontrollable hydrolysis chemistry of Mn in aqueous solution, is attenuated by the geometry of the super- and hypercages in faujasite zeolites. This way, not only specific species are stabilized, but also new catalytically active complexes are formed. 

Toney JH, Marks TJ (1985) Hydrolysis chemistry of the metallocene dichlorides M(r)5-CsHs CL, M = titanium, vanadium, or zirconium. Aqueous kinetics, equilibria, and mechanistic implications for a new class of antitumor agents. J Am Chem Soc 107 947-953... 

In order to control the mechanism by which nickel is loaded onto sodium titanate and to control the degree of nickel dispersion, we need to understand the ion-exchange properties of the sodium titanate support, the hydrolysis chemistry of the dissolved nickel, and how the different nickel species are expected to interact with the titanate support. 

FigureS.8 The structure of [ Yb6( X6-O)( X3-OH)6(H2O)6 (0t-P2Wi5O56)2] [27]. (Reproduced with permission from X.K. Fang, et al., Polyoxometalate-supported Y- and Yb -hydroxo/oxo clusters from carbonate-assisted hydrolysis, Chemistry - A European Journal, 2005, 11, no. 2, 712-718 (Figure 3). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA.)...

Bou-Abdallah, F. (2010). The iron redox and hydrolysis chemistry of the ferritins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1800, 719—731. Crichton, R. R., Declercq, J. R (2010). X-ray structures of ferritins and related proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1800, 706-718. 

Finding 4-6. Work on the characterization of mustard agent hydrolysis showed that the analysis for mustard agent is accurate and did not give any evidence of any outstanding risk to the public, the workforce, or the environment stemming from the hydrolysis chemistry or the analysis of the hydrolysate. 

In the presence of excess SCN , the decomposition of HOSCN and (SCN)2 around pH 4.0 in acetate buffer and the decomposition of OSCN around pH 7.0 in phosphate buffer have been recently investigated in detail, and it was shown that the observed mechanisms are relevant to the stability of OSCN at physiological pH (unpublished results). As SCN is considered to be a pseudohalide in several aspects of reactivity (32-34), some of the interpretation was based upon analogous hydrolysis chemistry of the halogens (88,107,108). The proposed mechanism of decomposition of HOSCN/OSCN is illustrated in Eqs. (26)-(35) ... 

Edward, J. T. (1955). Stability of Glycosides to Acid Hydrolysis. Chemistry Industry, 1102-1104. 

Fig. 10.1 The molecular structure of poly(ethyleue-co-viuyl acetate), uamul 3161 resiu. Water aud/or hydroxyl groups iu close proximity to the viuyl acetate groups are thought to promote hydrolysis chemistry leadiug to the productiou of acetic acid...

Reactions do not need a catalyst, as steam hydrolysis chemistry features rapid kinetics and complete reactions at 400—600° C. 

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