Hydrogenation processing technologies

At the outset of the project, we established as a yardstick for economic comparison, an entirely new unit based on the old hydrogenation process technology. No attempt was made to improve it, either in the light of experience or knowledge gained from the study described in this paper. Dubbed irreverently the "Rubber Stamp", the old process, while chemically efficient, was characterized by significantly higher product costs than was the new optimized process. 

Walter E. Farr Walter E. Farr Associates, OUve Branch, Mississippi, Hydrogenation Processing Technologies. 

Process Technology. In a typical oxo process, primary alcohols are produced from monoolefins in two steps. In the first stage, the olefin, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide [630-08-0] react in the presence of a cobalt or rhodium catalyst to form aldehydes, which are hydrogenated in the second step to the alcohols. 

Butane-Based Transport-Bed Process Technology. Du Pont aimounced the commercialization of a moving-bed recycle-based technology for the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride (109,149). Athough maleic anhydride is produced in the reaction section of the process and could be recovered, it is not a direct product of the process. Maleic anhydride is recovered as aqueous maleic acid for hydrogenation to tetrahydrofuran [109-99-9] (THF). 

Although not commercialized, both Elf Atochem and Rn hm GmbH have pubUshed on development of hydrogen fluoride-catalyzed processes. Norsolor, since acquired by Elf Aquitaine, had been granted an exclusive European Hcense for the propylene-hydrogen fluoride technology of Ashland Oil (99). Rn hm has patented a process for the production of isobutyric acid in 98% yield via the isomerization of isopropyl formate in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrofluoric acid (100). 

Villasenor, F. Loera, O. Campero, A., and Viniegra-Gonzalez, G., Oxidation of dibenzothiophene by laccase or hydrogen peroxide and deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by the later. Fuel Processing Technology, 2004. 86(1) pp. 49-59. 

Petrobras Develops Hydrogenation Process to Produce Diesel Fuel with Vegetable Oil, in Green Car Congress Energy, Technologies, Issues and Policies for Sustainable Mobility. 2006. 

Commercial Hydrogen Sensor Technologies for Leak Detection and Process Monitoring... 

Gasification is a process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to convert materials directly into a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Gasification technologies differ in many aspects but rely on four key engineering factors ... 

This chapter provides a review of the progress in reaction art, reactor techniques and process technology with respect to homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of diene-based polymers, in accordance with the homogeneous hydrogenation theme of this handbook. 

Most chiral chemicals are relatively small-scale products (1 to 1000 tonnes per year for pharmaceuticals, 500 to 10000 tonnes per year for agrochemicals) that are usually produced in multipurpose batch equipment This is probably the case for most catalytic reactions described in this chapter however, as a rule very little information on process technology is provided by the manufacturers. Here, we will discuss only briefly the reactor choices for hydrogenation reaction typically carried out in the liquid phase. For a successful implementation the following demands must be met ... 

Stirred tank reactors are mostly used because they provide a rapid means of obtaining a uniform composition and temperature throughout the reaction mixture they also offer the flexibility required for the small-scale production of many different molecules. Companies such as Biazzi, Davy Process Technology (Buss loop technology), DeDietrich and others provide technology adapted to hydrogenations (i.e., pressures up to 100 bar and temperatures up to 200 °C) [45-47]. Here, some scale-up issues related to stirred tank reactors are described. 

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