Hydrogen future transition

Furthermore, while most other alternative fuels were considered only for internal combustion engines, hydrogen s best use is seen in fuel cell vehicles. Although they offer great potential, fuel cell vehicles are the subject of intensive research and development. Thus, we conclude that even if hydrogen is more than just another alternative fuel because of its unique attributes, the same obstacles that faced alternative fuels, and more, may stand in the way of a successful transition to a hydrogen future. 

What, if anything, does the 15-year experience with alternative fuels, and the lessons learned, tell us about the upcoming hydrogen transition We think the lessons learned should be studied in detail by those who have the most to gain from a successful introduction of hydrogen as a transportation fuel, and also by those who have the most to lose from less than full success. We believe the numerous analyses and models developed to assess alternative fuels should now be harnessed to help chart the most effective course toward a hydrogen future. In particular, we have made five overarching observations drawn from the experience with alternative fuels in the United States to date. 

Table 2.1 sets out the hydrogen futures developed by McDowall and Fames on the basis of their review of the literature (McDowall and Fames, 2006) and an expert workshop (for further details of which see McDowall and Fames, 2004). Fames and McDowall subsequently compressed their six futures into four transition scenarios , which describe both an end-point vision and a description of how such an end-point might feasibly be reached from the present day, drawing on insights from the transition theory literature (see Fames and McDowall, 2006). 

From Here to There the Transition to a Hydrogen Future... 

The.effect of the entropy of activation was noted above for the quaternary pyridine salts (280 and 281). In future work, it may also be found to reflect the electrostatic or hydrogen-bonding interactions in transition states of amination reactions and the effect of reversible cationization of an azine-nitrogen. Brower et observed a substantial rate difference between piperidino-dechlorinations of 2-chloropyrimidine in petroleum ether and in alcohol due partly to the higher entropy of activation in the latter solvent (Table III, lines 3 and 4). 

The hydrogen economy is a vision for a future in which hydrogen replaces fossil fuels. Economically, the wasteful hydrogen process translates to electricity from hydrogen and fuel cells costing at least four times as much as electricity from the grid. In fact, electricity would be much more efficiently used if it were sent directly to the apphances instead. The transition to a hydrogen economy would require a... 

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