Hydrogen energy content

Hydrogen production rate x Hydrogen energy content) /... 

A property of water whereby attractive forces cause linking of hydrogen in one molecule to oxygen of another. Due to the energy input required to break the hydrogen bond, steam has a high energy content. 

Note Energy content of 1 kg hydrogen approximately equals the energy content of 1 gal. of gasoline. a Liquid hydrogen via tanker. b Liquid hydrogen fueling station. 

On a weight basis, hydrogen has three times the energy content when compared to gasoline (120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for gasoline). However, hydrogen has four... 

At hydrogen refilling stations and vehicles, hydrogen has to be compressed at high pressures (typical value 400 bars) due to the low energy content per unit volume. 

Black coal. Black coal ranges from Cretaceous age (65 to 105 million years ago) to mid-Permian age (up to 260 million years ago). They are all black some are sooty and still quite high in moisture (sub-bituminous coal). A common name for this coal in many parts of the world is "black lignite. Coals that get more deeply buried by other rocks lose more moisture and start to lose their oxygen and hydrogen they are harder and shinier (e.g., bituminous coal). Typical energy contents are around 24 to 28 MJ/kg. These coals generally have less than 3% moisture, but some power stations burn coal at up to 30% ash. 

Direct production of hydrogen from gasification is the simplest route. Gasification is a two-step process in which the solid feedstock is thermochemically converted to a low- or medium-energy-content gas. Natural gas contains 35 MJ/Nm3. Air-blown biomass gasification results in approximately 5 MJ/m3 oxygen-blown in 15 MJ/m3. 

One method to study energy-selected ions is threshold ionization, in which ions with precisely defined energy contents are produced. These ions can then be used to study unimolecular fragmentation, ion-molecule reactions, van der Waals clusters, and hydrogen-bonded clusters [62]. 

Since liquid hydrogen has the greatest energy content per unit weight of any fuel, NASA used liquid hydrogen as the primary fuel for the Saturn 5 moon rockets and the Space Shuttle. 

Hydrogen has an energy content three to four times higher than oil, and it can be produced from all known energy sources, besides being a byproduct of many industrial processes. 

Of the above-mentioned challenges of oil-sands production, the heavy dependence on natural gas is among the most critical. Table 3.5 shows the specific natural gas demand per barrel of bitumen for mining and extraction, (thermal) in-situ recovery and upgrading operations, as well as for the production of hydrogen. Depending on the recovery process, up to 25% of the energy content of the SCO is used in the form of natural gas. 

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