Hydrogen defects

Much less is known about defects in III-Vs and we will cover that topic with the discussion of the interaction of hydrogen defects that follows. 

One of the results of this variety in hydrogen-defect reaction pathways is that it largely clouds one of the hopes of the hydrogenation experiments, namely that the susceptibility of deactivation could provide information on the defect microstructure and the nature of the bonding with hydrogen. 

Therefore it appears that proton implantation is not an appropriate way to calibrate the oscillator strength of the LVMs of hydrogen defects as, on one hand, all the implanted protons are not infrared active and, on the other hand, some hydrogen might out diffuse from the sample during the implantation. 

In the 1960s, all the tools needed to treat hydrogen defects in oxides [41-43] were fundamentally developed by Wagner and collaborators. However, up to the end of the 1970s, real developments in the field did not take place. During the last years of this decade, some significant studies were carried out [44-48], After that, it was realized that the introduction of defects in some perovskite structures determine the protonic conductivity of these materials. In this regard, Iwahara and... 

Norby T. (1989) Hydrogen defects in inorganic solids, in Selected Topics in High Temperature Chemistry Defect Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 9 (eds 0. Johannesen and A.G. Anderson), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 101 2. 

Blue-grey insulating diamonds were extracted from the Argyle mine in Australia and their colour attributed to high concentrations of hydrogen, defects containing two and four N atoms, and to a small concentration of three-N-atom defects [36]. 

Spectrosopic studies indicate that for quartz, hydrogen interstitials make up the majority of the hydrogen defects (e.g. Kronenberg 1994), whereas molecular H2O (Kronenberg et al. 1996) is the dominant hydrogen-bearing species in K-feldspar. 

Kronenberg AK, Yund RA, Rossman GR (1996) Stationary and mobile hydrogen defects in potassium feldspar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60 4705-4094... 

We have treated hydrogen defects specially, as they arise from a special source and in its most stable form, the proton, take on a special size and type of defect. 

A proper treatment of the dissolution of water and defect chemistry of protons in oxides was first given by Stotz and Wagner (1967). Later on, Norby (1987) and others have given extended treatments of hydrogen defect equilibria, and Kreuer (1996) has reviewed protons in materials in general. 

In the presence of water vapour, hydrogen defects may affect the diffusional behaviour in growing oxide scales in many different ways. 

---