Hydrogen chloride composition

In a few cases, no confusion can arise, and the distinction between compositional name and hydrogen name is not as important, most notably for the hydrogen halides. Thus, HC1 can equally unambiguously be named hydrogen chloride (compositional name) and hydrogen(chloride) (hydrogen name). 

Secondary smoke is produced mosdy by the condensation of water in humid or cold air. The presence of hydrogen chloride or hydrogen fluoride in the combustion products increases the extent and rate of condensation. Composition modifications to reduce primary smoke may reduce secondary smoke to some extent, but complete elimination is unlikely. The relatively small amount of smoke produced in gun firings by modem nitrocellulose propellants, although undesirable, is acceptable (102—109). 

Hydrogen Chloride—Water System. Hydrogen chloride is highly soluble in water and this aqueous solution does not obey Henry s law at ah concentrations. Solubhity data are summarized in Table 5. The relationship between the pressure and vapor composition of unsaturated aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions is given in Reference 12. The vapor—Hquid equiHbria for the water—hydrogen chloride system at pressures up to 1632 kPa and at temperatures ranging from —10 to +70° C are documented in Reference 13. 

Using the laws of constant composition and the conservation of mass, complete the molecular picture of hydrogen molecules (O—O) reacting with chlorine molecules ( — ) to give hydrogen chloride ( —O) molecules. 

A sample of hydrogen chloride gas (a) is homogeneous and has constant composition. A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas is homogeneous but can have different compostions (b and c). ... 

Hydrogen chloride-water-inorganic compound systems, 13 817-818 Hydrogen composite curves, 20 746, 747 Hydrogen compounds. See Hydrides Hydrogen content, determination of, 13 789-790... 

The composition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of bacterial origin have been investigated in two studies. Both studies used 2 M methanolic hydrogen chloride for 16-24 hours at 85°. The method allows analysis of... 

Most composite propellants in wide use today use ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer component. While such propellants benefit from high specific impulse and a lower vulnerability than double-base propellants based on nitroglycerine, they have a significant environmental impact, the exhaust fumes being rich in corrosive hydrogen chloride leading to acid rain after the launch of missiles/rockets. 

Thus, AP is a valuable oxidizer for formulating smokeless propellants or smokeless gas generators. However, since the combustion products of AP composite propellants contain a relatively high concentration of hydrogen chloride (HCI), white smoke is generated when they are expelled from an exhaust nozzle into a humid atmosphere. When the HCI molecules diffuse into the air and collide with H2O molecules therein, an acid mist is formed which gives rise to visible white smoke. Typical examples are AP composite propellants used in rocket motors. Based on experimental observations, white smoke is formed when the relative humidity exceeds about 40 %. Thus, AP composite propellants without any metal particles are termed reduced-smoke propellants. On the other hand, a white smoke trail is always seen from the exhaust of a rocket projectile assisted by an aluminized AP composite propellant under any atmospheric conditions. Thus, aluminized AP composite propellants are termed smoke propellants. 

Mixtures of ammonium perchlorate with fuels can produce high temperatures when ignited, and the hydrogen chloride (HCl) liberated during the reaction can aid in the production of colors. These two factors make ammonium perchlorate a good oxidizer for colored flame compositions (see Chapter 7). 

Shimizu attributes much of the value of these chlorine donors in magnesium-containing compositions to the production in the flame of hydrogen chloride, which reacts with magnesium oxide to form volatile MgCl molecules. The incandescent emission from... 

The other commercialized pentane isomerization process is that of the Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) (20). This process differs from the Indiana-Texas butane process in that the aluminum chloride is introduced as a slurry directly to the reactor and that about 0.5% by volume of benzene is added continuously in the feed to suppress side reactions. Temperature, catalyst composition, space velocity, and hydrogen chloride concentration are generally similar to those in the corresponding butane process, but the reactor pressure is about 100 pounds lower. The Pan American Refining Co. operated the Indiana pentane isomerization process commercially during the last nine months of the war and produced about 400 barrels of isopentane per calendar day. 

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