Hydrocarbons subfamilies

All the PAs are engineering polymers with good mechanical performances, fair heat and fatigue resistances, interesting low-temperature behaviour, and resistance to oils, greases, hydrocarbons and numerous common solvents, but each subfamily has its features ... 

Two general classes of pheromone compound have been identified in moths, and these have some broad, although not uniform, associations with certain taxa. The polyene hydrocarbons and epoxides of various chain lengths are pheromones found in some subfamilies of the Geometridae and Noctuidae, and in the Arctiidae and Lymantridae (Millar, 2000). These compounds are probably derived from dietary Unoleic and linolenic acids. The other major class of pheromone compounds includes acetate, alcohols, and aldehydes, which are found in the Tortrici-dae, Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Sessiidae, and Noctuidae. This class of compounds is derived from the insect s fatty acid synthesis pathway, with enzymatic modifications discussed above. Both classes of pheromone are broadly represented in the Noctuidae but are typically found in different subfamilies (Am et al., 1992,2003). 

Butts, D. R, Espelie, K.E. and Hermann, H.R. (1991). Cuticular hydrocarbons of four species of social wasps in the subfamily vespinae Vespa crabro (L.), Dolichovespula maculata (L.), Vespula squamosa (Drury), and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 99, 87-91. 

Barbour, J.D., Lacey, E.S. and Hanks, L.M. (2007). Cuticular hydrocarbons mediate mate recognition in a species of longhomed beetle (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) of the primitive subfamily Prioninae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 100, 333-338. 

Subfamily, genus, species Polyene hydrocarbons Polyene epoxides Aldehydes Other References... 

Table 18.4 Polyene hydrocarbons, epoxides, ketones, and related compounds known or suspected as sex pheromones for lymantriid moths. Because of the uncertainty of subfamilies in the Lymantriidae, species have simply been listed alphabetically. Compounds in bold have been found in pheromone gland extracts or aeration extracts and have been shown to be active in behavioral bioassays or field trials, compounds in normal font have been found in pheromone gland or aeration extracts, compounds in italics have been shown to attract males infield screening trials, and underlined compounds have been shown to be antagonistic.

SULT 2A and 2B sulfotransferase subfamily members sulfate the 3P-hydroxyl group of a variety of steroid hormones. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the prototypical substrate for the SULT 2 enzymes. However, other hydroxysteroids such as testosterone and its phase I hydroxylated derivatives are substrates for these enzymes. The SULT 2 sulfotransferases also are responsible for the sulfate conjugation of a variety of alcohols and xenobiotics that have undergone phase I hydro-xylation, including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The SULT 2 enzymes exhibit different patterns of tissue expression. SULT 2A1 is expressed primarily in the adrenal cortex, brain, liver, and intestine, while SULT 2B1 is expressed in the prostate, placenta, and trachea. 

Karchner, S.I., W.H. Powell and M.E. Hahn. Identification and functional characterization of two highly divergent aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHR1 and AHR2) in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. Evidence for a novel subfamily of ligand-binding basic helix-loop-helix Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) factors. J. Biol. Chem. 274 33814-33824, 1999. 

P450 1 Family Aryl hydrocarbon P450 lA Subfamily CYPlAl, CYP1A2... 

There are four subfamilies of hydrocarbons, known as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. (These families will be discussed in detail in Chapters 4 and 5.) The alkane and aromatic families of hydrocarbons occur naturally the alkenes and alkynes are manmade. Both types of hydrocarbons are used to make other families of chemicals, known as hydrocarbon derivatives. Radicals of the hydrocarbon families are made by removing at least one hydrogen from the hydrocarbon and replacing it with a nonmetal other than carbon or hydrogen. Ten of these hydrocarbon derivatives will be discussed in detail in the appropriate chapters associated with then-major hazards alkyl halides, nitros, amines, ethers, peroxides, alcohols, ketones,... 

Alkanes and cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. Methane, CH4, is the simplest of the alkanes, a family of hydrocarbons with the general formula C J32 +2. The cycloalkanes are a subfamily of alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in a ring. Ethylene, CH2=CH2, is the simplest of alkenes, a class of hydrocarbons contaming carlx>n-carbon double bonds and having the general formula C H2 . Unsymmetrical alkenes ean exist as cis and trans isomers. Acetylene, CH=CH, is the simplest of the alkynes, which are compounds that have the general formula C H2 -2 and contain carbon-carbon triple... 

A subfamily of chlorinated hydrocarbons contains fluorine as well as chlorine and is called the chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs. Two examples of CFCs are dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane. 

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