Hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon synthesis with addition

Potassium amide Carboxylic acids from hydrocarbons Synthesis with addition of 1 C-Atom s. 4, 614 KNHS H -> COOH... 

SASOL. SASOL, South Africa, has constmcted a plant to recover 50,000 tons each of 1-pentene and 1-hexene by extractive distillation from Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons produced from coal-based synthesis gas. The company is marketing both products primarily as comonomers for LLDPE and HDPE (see Olefin polymers). Although there is still no developed market for 1-pentene in the mid-1990s, the 1-hexene market is well estabhshed. The Fischer-Tropsch technology produces a geometric carbon-number distribution of various odd and even, linear, branched, and alpha and internal olefins however, with additional investment, other odd and even carbon numbers can also be recovered. The Fischer-Tropsch plants were originally constmcted to produce gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels to fill the lack of petroleum resources in South Africa. 

For preparative purposes the method of obtaining aldehydes from the primary alcohols is preferable by far, at least in the aliphatic series. The simple aromatic aldehydes can be obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of the arylidene chlorides, R.CHC12, which are produced from the hydrocarbons by substitution with chlorine (technical method for the preparation of benzaldehyde). In addition to these methods the elegant synthesis of Gattermann and Koch should be mentioned here. This synthesis, which proceeds like that of Friedel-Crafts, consists in acting on the aromatic hydrocarbon with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride and cuprous chloride. 

In addition to the aromatic hydrocarbons, the phenolic ethers undergo this synthesis with special ease. 

The so-called integrated ethyl chloride process combines the abovementioned synthesis with an addition reaction. Hydrogen chloride formed in the thermal chlorination process is used in a separate step to add to ethylene, making the manufacture of ethyl chloride more economical. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is an exceptional product in free-radical chlorination of higher hydrocarbons since the same carbon... 

In the current volume a variety of subjects is treated by competent authors. These subjects deal with new techniques of surface investigations with the microbalance, with the elucidation of reaction mechanisms by the concept of intermediates, and with specialized studies of the ammonia synthesis, hydrogenations, carbon monoxide oxidation and hydrocarbon syntheses. In addition, Volume V contains an extensive critical review of Russian literature in catalysis. 

Hydroformylation of various heterofunctionalized olefins can be carried out with a number of chirally modified catalysts. Asymmetric induction is usually higher than with unfunctionalized hydrocarbons, presumably, due to additional binding of the substrate to the catalysts65,75. Thus, this method is applicable to the synthesis of hydroxy and amino carboxylic acids and other conversion products of primary functionalized aldehydes. These results are compiled in Table 7. 

At first, the effect of only one additive on the hydrocarbon synthesis was investigated (Tab.l). When the total hydrocarbon yield was related to the CO+H content in the reaction feed it decreased with increasing CO2 concentration but was not practically influenced by the N2 concentration. CO may be suggested to act as an inhibitor while N2 only dilutes the gaseous mixture. Also the chain growth factor depends on the feed gas composition. The addition of 18% CO2 caused its decrease from 0.86 to 0.80 while a 16% N2 admixture increased its value to 0.90. These variations are in agreement with the respective roles of both additives. N2 causes an increase of... 

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