Phosphoric acid hydrocarbon polymers

Manufacture of highly water-absorbent polymers with uniform particle size and good flowability can be carried out by reverse phase suspension polymerization of (meth)acrylic acid monomers in a hydrocarbon solvent containing crosslinker and radical initiator. Phosphoric acid monoester or diester of alka-nole or ethoxylated alkanole is used as surfactant. A polymer with water-absorbent capacity of 78 g/g polymer can be obtained [240]. 

Polymerization of propene at 330° in the presence of 90% ortho-phosphoric acid under about 100 atmospheres initial pressure yielded a product consisting of paraffinic, olefinic, cycloparaffinic and cycloolefinic, and aromatic hydrocarbons (Ipatieff and Pines, 70). About 8% of the product boiled in the dimer (C6) range and about 25% in the trimer (C9) range. Isobutane was formed to the extent of more than 2% by weight of the total polymer. 

Propene also undergoes conjunct polymerization in the presence of dilute phosphoric acid at high temperatures and pressures (Monroe and Gilliland, 58). When propene was treated with 10-30% phosphoric acid at 260-305° and at 170-410 atmospheres pressure, the only operating variable which appreciably affected the composition of the polymer was the extent to which the feed was polymerized. At constant percentage reaction of the feed under these conditions, the temperature, pressure, and acid catalyst concentration had no effect on the product composition. At low conversions, the polymer consisted of nearly pure dimer at 50% polymerization, two-thirds of the total was dimer and even when the feed was almost completely polymerized, the dimer fraction amounted to 35-40 % of the total polymer. The dimer and trimer fractions obtained at temperatures of 305° or lower using a acid concentrations below 30% contained about 25% paraffins and little or no naphthenes or aromatic hydrocarbons. 

The propylene-butylene fraction constitutes a large part of the useful hydrocarbons produced by synthesis. It differs from similar fractions derived from petroleum refining in its high olefin (over 80%) and low isobutylene content, but this is no handicap in converting it to high octane gasoline by polymerization or by alkylation, if isobutane is available from another source. Polymerization is effected readily over a phosphoric acid on quartz catalyst with high conversion of propylene as well as butylene. The polymer... 

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Under anhydrous conditions, traditional mineral acid and Friedel-Crafts systems (liquid phase), as well as supported phosphoric acid (gas phase), can be used to produce dimers and trimers through to relatively high molecular weight viscous liquid polymers from C3 and C4 olefins. These same catalyst systems are also used in the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Rikukawa, M., Inagaki, D., Kaneko, K., Takeoka, Y., Ito, 1., Kanzaki, Y., and Sanui, K., 2005, Proton conductivity of smart membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers having phosphoric acid groups, J. Molecular Structure 739 153-161. 

ABS polymers are resistant to aqueous acids, alkalis, concentrated hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, alcohols, and animal, vegetable, and mineral oils, but they swell when exposed to glacial acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride, and aromatic hydrocarbons and are attacked by concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. They are soluble in esters, ketones, and ethylene dichloride. The aging characteristics of the polymers are largely influenced by the polybutadiene content, and it is normal to include antioxidants in the composition. 

Plasticizers are most commonly liquid esters of low volatUity, which are blended into rigid thermoplastic polymers to make them soft and flexible. Most are esters of phthatic, phosphoric, and adipic acids. Major use is in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastoplastics. Another major use, rarely mentioned in the literature, is the addition of hydrocarbon oils to rubber to improve processability. Plasticizers are also used to improve melt processabUity and toughness of rigid plastics such as cellulose esters and ethers, and they are used in a variety of specialized apphcations. In some cases, they perform dual functions such as thermal stabilization or flame retardance. This gives the individual processor the ability to tailor properties for each produet. 

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