Hydraulics analogy

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic of a tensiometer and (b) a hydraulic analogy showing the negative value of the total head, /. 

CA 48, 3691(1954) (Application of Cottrell-Paterson equation of state to oxygen-deficient expls like TNT) 8b) A.K. Oppenheim, "Gasdynamic Analysis of the Development of Gaseous Detonation and Its Hydraulic Analogy , 4thSympCombstn(1953), p 472 (Hugoniot and Rankine-Hugoniot equations)... 

An intuitive way to describe the interconversion processes in flavylium-type compounds is their description by a hydraulics analogy.1411 By such an analogy, the behavior of aqueous solution of flavylium ions upon a pH-jump from 1.0 to 4.2 can be schematically represented as in Figure 14. In the case of 4 -hydroxyflavylium, Cc... 

Fig. 14 Hydraulic analogy for the description of the behavior of flavylium compounds upon a pH-jump from pH = 1.0 to pH = 4.0.[411.

Fig. 15 Hydraulic analogy for the photochemical reaction of the Ct form of the flavylium compounds. Light behaves like a pump that increases (in a transient mode as represented, or in a steady state) the quantity of liquid in the reservoir Cc.

The hydraulic analogy can also be used to illustrate the photochemical behavior of these compounds, the light playing the role of a pump. The scheme shown in Figure 15 is appropriate for 4 -hydroxyflavylium. 

Figure 32.11 Electrical and hydraulic analogs of catalyzed reaction.

Laitone, E.V. (1952). A study of transonic gas dynamics by the hydraulic analogy. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences 19(4) 265-272. 

The hydraulic analogy between water in a pipe filled with sand and the electrical resistance in a material. 

In summary, to address the quantitation of the DF problem, incorporation of fundamental principles into the modeling approach is required. The physiological reality that all hearts initiate filling by being mechanical suction pumps and the attribute of the four-chambered heart as a (near-perfect) constant-volume pump are part of the overall approach. Rather than modeling diastole as an electrical or hydraulic analog [33,41,74], we focus on motion of the tissue and of the blood (kinematics) to formulate a lumped-parameter linear, kinematic model of filling [32]. 

Schon, J.H., Georgi, D.T., 2003. Dispersed shale, shaly-sand permeability—a hydraulic analog to the Waxman-Smits equation. In Presented at the SPWLA 44th Annual Logging Symposium, 22-25 June. Paper S. 

The structural range of industrially important representatives of these groups is enormous, and includes chlorobenzenes (solvents), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (hydraulic and insulating fluids), and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers (flame retardants). There is widespread concern over both the persistence and the potential toxicity of all these compounds, and sites that have become contaminated during their production represent a threat both to the environment and to human health. Pathways for the aerobic bacterial degradation of chlorobenzenes and chlorobiphe-nyls, and their brominated analogs have been discussed in Chapter 9, Part 1. 

Ceramicrete cures to create final waste forms that are analogs of naturally occurring phosphate minerals. These minerals have been shown to be relatively insoluble over geologic time scales. The final waste form is stronger than typical room temperature, hydraulic cements and performs in the manner of high-temperature fused ceramics. The technology has been evaluated in bench-and operational-scale tests on contaminated wastewater, sedimenL ash, and mixed wastes. 

Elevated concentrations of the n-Cl3 to -CIH alkanes and branched-chain and cyclic analogs were measured in a building having a history of air quality complaints the source was found to be volatilization from hydraulic fluids used in the building elevators (Weschler et al., 1990). 

The physics of thermal conduction and storage are, in fact, directly analogous to those of groundwater flow. Thermal conductivity (kT) and hydraulic conductivity (k) are analogous, as are heat capacity and storage coefficient and temperature (7) and hydraulic head (h). Indeed, heat flow (H) is estimated by an analogous equation to Darcy s Law ... 

A trial-and-error procedure is needed. Note that when using correlations for the determination of minimum fluidization velocity (or other relevant parameters) as in eqs. (3.459) and (3.460), it is reasonable to assume that the fluid-phase density involved is measured at inlet or ambient conditions, and thus no collection is needed. This is why, in analogy to the case of the hydraulic density of solids (Section 3.9.6), the minimum fluidization velocity is directly correlated to the inlet fluid density. 

Having introduced f, the objective is now to find a convenient analogy with which we may calculate any/factor. But first, how is this factor to be applied Why not just use the simple term hL and be done In answer, the hL factor, if reviewed in Fig. 6.1, is actually a part of the hydraulic grade line factor 144 Pi/p. Thus, the correct thing to do here is to put it in this factor. In all equation relationships of fluid flow problem solving, this is done. This simply says that/represents the flow of fluid losses due to friction inside pipe in all equations used. 

Use the Reynolds analogy to derive an expression for the Nusselt number for fully developed turbulent flow in an annulus in which the inner wall is heated to a uniform temperature and the outer wall is adiabatic. Assume that the friction factor can be derived by introducing the hydraulic diameter concept. 

The processes involved in CP NMR can be explained by analogy with a hydraulic model (Fig. 4.5.3) in which the thermal equilibrium population of spins aligned along the static magnetic field is represented by the main reservoir labeled lattice . The applied RF pulse is represented by a pump and the resultant component of magnetization moved into the plane perpendicular to the... 

By analogy to hydraulics, this power input is also proportional to the product of the volumetric impeller discharge flow Q and a headiJC. Thus,... 

It is not difficult to observe that in all of these expressions we have a multiplication between the property gradient and a constant that characterizes the medium in which the transport occurs. As a consequence, with the introduction of a transformation coefficient we can simulate, for example, the momentum flow, the heat flow or species flow by measuring only the electric current flow. So, when we have the solution of one precise transport property, we can extend it to all the cases that present an analogous physical and mathematical description. Analogous computers [1.27] have been developed on this principle. The analogous computers, able to simulate mechanical, hydraulic and electric micro-laboratory plants, have been experimented with and used successfully to simulate heat [1.28] and mass [1.29] transport. 

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