Hydraulic measures

The main procedures for sewer process studies will be dealt with, however, primarily those that are directly related to the determination of process-relevant characteristics. Procedures and measurements of, e.g., sewer hydraulic and solids transport characteristics will not be included in the text. Although information from such measurements is relevant for sewer process model simulation and evaluation, literature is generally available for that purpose. The following are publications dealing with the hydraulic measurements in sewers ASCE (1983) and Bertrand-Krajewski et al. (2000). An overview of the physical processes in sewers is found in Ashley and Verbanck (1998). 

Containment measures are those which are designed to prevent or limit the migration of contaminants, that may be either left in place or confined to a specific storage area, to the wider environment. Approaches include hydraulic measures, capping, the use of break layers and low permeability barriers amongst others... 

Hydraulic measures refer to the control of the groundwater regime so that a contamination source or contaminated groundwater is separated, isolated, treated or contained... 

The pump and treat operations that are becoming more frequently used to treat or contain contaminated groundwater can be considered as a form of hydraulic measure. 

Neretnieks 1993) formulated a simple channel network model that does not use detailed information on aperture variations and fracture orientations. It uses information obtained from hydraulic measurements in boreholes on the flowrate distribution and the frequency of conductive fractures found in the boreholes. The model assumes that every measured flowing fracture in a borehole represents a channel with constant properties... 

Porter, D. (1909). Notes on hydraulic measurements, prepared for the use of students in civil and sanitary engineering. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA. Porter, D. (1912). Notes on stream gagings, prepared for the use of students in civil and sanitary engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT Cambridge MA. 

Addison, H. 1941. Hydraulic Measurements, John Wiley Sons, New York, pp. 155-156. 

Dorosz, M. et al., 2009. Hydraulically measurement to compare fuel elements types MC5 and MR6. lAE Internal Report, Otwock-Swierk. 

The code was verified by thermal hydraulic measurements using instrumented fuel elements in the core of an MTR research reactor. A comparison of the measurements and calculations shows that HEATHYD can predict the phenomena of heat transfer and fluid flow with good accuracy. 

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