Hydraulic high-pressure nebulization

The speciation of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) has been performed by Jakubowski et al. [22] with IPC-ICP-MS and hydraulic high-pressure nebulization. A mobile phase of 25% methanol, ammonium acetate, and an ion-pair reagent (tetrabuty-lammonium acetate) was used. Oxygen addition was used to reduce carbon interferences from the high organic content in the mobile phase, along with desolvation. 

Several cfPcicnt sample introduction systems have been conceived to achieve higher precision, accuracy, and sensitivity, such as thermospray nebulization (TN) [95], ETV [88, 99], and hydraulic high pressure nebulization. The use of desolva-tation devices, for example, ultrasonic nebulization (UN), in combination with... 

E. Puskel, Z. Mester, P. Fodor, Determination of selenoamino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography-hydraulic high pressure nebulization-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 14 (1999), 973-976. 

Commercial yeast-based supplements Hot water extraction IP HPLC-ICP-MS with hexapole collision and reaction cell, hydraulic high pressure nebulizer... 

Posta J. and Berndt H. (1992) A high-performance flow/hydraulic high pressure nebulization system (HPF/ HHPN) in flame AAS for improved elemental trace determinations in highly concentrated salt solutions, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 47 993-999. 

Berndt H. and Yanez J. (1996) High-temperature hydraulic high-pressure nebulization a recent nebulization principle for sample introduction, J Anal At Spectrom 11 703-712. 

Jakubowski N., Jepkens B., Stuwer D. and Berndt H. (1994) Spedation analysis of chromium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with hydraulic high pressure nebulization, J Anal At Spectrom 9 193-198. 

HG-OES hydride generation optical emission spectrometry (see HG-AES) HGPRT-test hypoxanthine-guanine-phos-pho-ribosyl-transferase test, a mutagenicity test with mammalian cells HHPN hydraulic high pressure nebulizer HIV human immunodeficiency virus HMDE hanging mercury drop electrode... 

Fig. 48. ICP-MS coupled on-line to liquid chromatography using hydraulic high-pressure nebulization. (1) HPLC pump, (2) sample loop, (3) chromatographic column, (4) ...

Figure 21. Hydraulic high-pressure nebulization system 194)...

The sample introduction from an LC column to ICP-MS is performed by a nebulizer. The usual nebulizers are pneumatic nebulizers, such as Meinhard, crossflow, or microconcentric nebulizers (MCNs). Additionally, there is the ultrasonic nebulizer (USN), the direct-injection nebulizer (DIN), and the hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer (HHPN). The nebuli-zation efficiency depends on nebulizer type and is typically low for Meinhard and crossflow nebulizers (only around 1—5 %, [23]), whereas it is high for the DIN and USN. 

The sample introduction system can simply be re placed by a high-efficiency one, such as an ultrasonic nebulizer coupled to a desolvation system. Analyte transport efficiencies of 10-20% are typically achieved using such a system. Other high performance nebulization systems include direct injection nebulization, which introduces 100% of the sample directly into the plasma (i.e. no spray chamber is needed), thermospray, hydraulic high-pressure nebulization and monodisperse dried microparticulate injection. 

Jakubowski, N., Feldmann, I., Stuewer, D., and Berndt, H. (1992). Hydraulic high pressure nebulization—application of a new nebulization system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim.Acta, Part B 47B(1), 119. 

The combination of the hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer enables the separation and detection of arsenic at the sub-ng/mL level. These methods can certainly be used to identify and quantify arsenic compounds in soil samples suspected of contamination with arsenic-containing chemical warfare agents. 

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