Hybridization electropolymerization

Finally, nanocomposites incorporating electrogenerated PPy have known a growing interest in the last decade, especially those based on carbon nanotubes (CNT). Indeed CNT-PPy hybrids exhibit very high capacitance that makes them promising materials for supercapacitors. Several methods can be envisaged for the obtention of CNT-PPy hybrids electropolymerization on a CNT-array-modified electrode, coelectrodeposition from mixtures of surfactant stabilized aqueous CNT dispersion with the monomer or from mixtures in an ionic liquid layer on the electrode, and alternatively direct electrodeposition of PPy on CNT in a cavity microelectrode. ... 

Fig. 5.17 Schematic of electropolymerization of CNT-polypyrrole hybrid via (a) ester linkage and (b) noncovalent pyrene linkage of pyrrole monomer with schematic of hybrid and SEM. Scale 200 nm. Reproduced with permission from [222], (2008) Elsevier.

The majority of the synthetic studies towards the construction of novel photodiodes of fullerene-based double-cable polymers concern either electropolymerization of suitable aromatic monomeric units or copolymerization of two monomeric units, one carrying the fullerene moiety and one designed to improve solubility. Most of the electropolymerized conjugated polymeric materials bearing fullerenes that have been obtained consist of bithiophene units with low oxidation potential that favor electropolymerization [162-164]. On the other hand, the preparation of some photodiodes based on novel chemically synthesized double-cable polymers was recently reported and studied using their photophysical properties [165-170]. For example, the structures of some conju-gated-backbone hybrids covalently linked with organofullerene moieties are shown in Scheme 8. 

Metal nanoparticles housed in zeolites and aluminosilicates can be regarded as arrays of microelectrodes placed in a solid electrolyte having shape and size selectivity. Remarkably, the chemical and electrochemical reactivity of metal nanoparticles differ from those displayed by bulk metals and are modulated by the high ionic strength environment and shape and size restrictions imposed by the host framework. In the other extreme end of the existing possibilities, polymeric structures can be part of the porous materials from electropolymerization procedures as is the case of polyanilines incorporated to microporous materials. The electrochemistry of these types of materials, which will be termed, sensu lato, hybrid materials, will be discussed in Chapter 8. 

Wolf et al. also reported the generation of new polymetallayne hybrid materials P3 from the electropolymerization of the appropriate Ru-oligothienylacetylide precursor complex on an electrode surface.37,38... 

Electropolymerization has also been used to generate polymetallynes on an electrode surface. Eor example, the transition metal-polythiophene hybrid material 190 (Equation (70)) has been prepared using this approach, which appears to be highly promising for the creation of a broad range of intriguing materials." " ... 

I. in, K.W., Ming, S.L., Zhen, S.J., Zhao, Y., Lu, B.Y., Xu, J.K., 2015. Molecular design of DBT/DBF hybrid thiophenes pi-conjugated systems and comparative study of their electropolymerization and optoelectronic properties from comonomers to electrochromic polymers. Polym. Chem. 6,4575-4587. 

One-step electropolymerization deposition processes are envisaged as the most interesting deposition methods in view of potential technological applications. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the integration of materials obtained in such way to obtain multifunctional nanostructured composites and hybrid materials. The selective localization through electrophoretic deposition of nanotubes at the interface of polymers to obtain flexible, transparent and conductive materials could represent a novel approach. 

Sensors for accurate detection of the bacteria N. gonotrhoeae causing the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea have been developed by Singh et al. [49]. The sensor is based on the detection of DNA hybridization using methylene blue as redox indicator. It was prepared by electropolymerization of aniline in presence of camphor sulfonic acid and c-MWCNTs followed by covalent immobilization of amino labeled ss-DNA on the film surface. 

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