Hybrid conversions

Hybrid conversions have not been common, since they are twice as complex as electric conversions. But in 1979, Dave Arthurs of Springdale, Arkansas, spent 1,500 converting an Opel GT into a hybrid that got 75 miles-per-gallon, using a 6-horsepower lawn mower engine, a 400-amp electric motor and a bank of 6-volt batteries. Dave Arthurs continued building hybrids into the 1990s. One of these conversions was a 99 miles-... 

Hybrid conversion in front-end modules has been led by Bayer, whose patented injection over-molding method has been used by Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan, and Ford since 1996. Ten new platforms, including several light trucks, are used in North America through mid-2004. Also aboard are alternative hybrid systems developed by Rhodia Engineering Polymers, Dow Automotive, and BASF Performance Polymers. 

Alternative inorganic or inorganic-organic hybrid conversion treatments... 

Each act of proton abstraction from the a carbon converts a chiral molecule to an achi ral enol or enolate ion The sp hybridized carbon that is the chirality center m the start mg ketone becomes sp hybridized m the enol or enolate Careful kinetic studies have established that the rate of loss of optical activity of sec butyl phenyl ketone is equal to Its rate of hydrogen-deuterium exchange its rate of brommation and its rate of lodma tion In each case the rate determining step is conversion of the starting ketone to the enol or enolate anion... 

Alternatively, short-rotation hybrid poplar and selected grasses can be multicropped on an energy plantation in the U.S. Northwest and harvested for conversion to Hquid transportation fuels and cogenerated power for on-site use in a centrally located conversion plant. The salable products are Hquid biofuels and surplus steam and electric power. This type of design may be especially useful for larger land-based systems. 

The development of this hybrid combination in a bipolar transistor has greatly enhanced the application of power transistors in the field of power conversion and variable-speed drives. It possesses the qualities of both the power bipolar transistor (BJT) and the power MOSFET. Like a power MOSFET, it is a voltagc-eontrollcd switching device... 

Note The above switching devices by themselves or in conjunction w ith power diodes can be developed into a variety ol new devices to suit any power conversion and control application. MCTs and IGCTs arc a few such hybrid devices. For more details refer to the literature on the subject in the Further reading. 

In a solid-propellant rocket motor, the propellant is contained within the wall of the combustion chamber, as shown in Fig. 1. This contrasts with liquid systems, where both the fuel and oxidizing components are stored in tanks external to the combustion chamber and are pumped or pressure-fed to the combustor. In hybrid systems, one component, usually the fuel, is contained in the combustion chamber, while the other component is fed to the chamber from a separate storage tank, as in liquid systems. The solid-propellant motor also has an ignition system located at one end to initiate operation of the rocket. The supersonic nozzle affects the conversion of... 

Many of these steps include CVD, and CVD is now a major process in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits (IC), custom and semi-custom ASIC s, active discrete devices, transistors, diodes, passive devices and networks, hybrid IC s, opto-elec-tronic devices, energy-conversion devices, and microwave devices. 

XANES spectroscopy shows that a narrow and intense pre-edge peak at 4967 eV, due to the Is 3pd electronic transition involving Ti atoms in tetrahedral coordination, is present in well-manufactured TS-1 (Fig. 2c). Conversely this electronic transition of Ti(IV) species in Ti02 (anatase or rutile) is characterized by a very low intensity due to the small pd hybridization in octahedral symmetry. Indeed the transitions l2g are symmetrically forbidden in the case of octahedral coordination of Ti (IV), but the transition Ai T2 is allowed in the case of tetrahedral coordination of Ti(IV), as in the case of [Ti04] units [52,58-61,63,68]. 

In DNA RNA hybrids, where intrastrand base stacking is comparable to B-DNA, we observed efficient long range guanine oxidation when using ethidium as an intercalating photooxidant [130]. Conversely, a Rh(III) com-... 

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