Hyacinthin

Hyacinthin) Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae), Camellia sinensis lilac- hyacinth-like,... 

Years of Purple-Shell Dyeing Characterization of Hyacinthine Purple (Tekhelet)... 

Figure L Shells of marine snails used in purple dyeing. Left to right banded dye-murex (Trunculariopsis trunculus) for hyacinthine purple (tekhelet), spiny dye-murex (Bolinus brandaris) for Tyrian purple (arga-man), and the rock shell Thais haemastoma for Tyrian purple (argaman).

Scheme I. Major pathway for the transformation of natural colorless precursors obtained from banded dye-murex to hyacinthine purple (tekhelet ). J, 6,6 -dibromoindigotin 11 y potassium indoxyl sulfate 111, potassium 6-bromoindoxyl sulfate IV, indigotin E, enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis, and [0], aerobic oxidation. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 7.

Some views do not distinguish between Tyrian and hyacinthine purples, whereas others contend that hyacinthine purple is the vegetable dye indigo. The sources of this confusion are discussed in the following paragraphs. 

Figure 4. Left, kela-ilan [archaic hyacinthine purple forgery (9, 20)] and right, contemporary hyacinthine purple from banded dye-murex. (Left photograph reproduced with permission from Ref. 20. Copyright 1968 Ciba-Geigy Review.)...

Spanier (14) has recently demonstrated a semiannual cycle in the availability of trunculus snails near Haifa. This cycle thus provides a biological basis for the proverbial seasonal rarity of the hyacinthine purple conchs. The snails bury themselves in the littoral sea bed in the... 

In regard to the technical feasibility of having obtained hyacinthine purple from Trunculariopsis trunculus in antiquity, Doumet (16) recently demonstrated that he could dye wool with the crushed shells, following the procedure of Tyre as described by Pliny the Elder, who visited Judea in person. Only techniques and materials available to ancient artisans were used in this experiment. 

The validity of the trunculus theory of the source of hyacinthine purple has now been corroborated by the identification of authentic archaeological remains of the dye on a textile from Palmyra some 1700 years old (8) and on a potsherd from the seventh century excavated near the Dead Sea. 

The major natural precursors of hyacinthine purple in the hypo-branchial gland are potassium indoxyl sulfate (Structure II in Scheme I) and its 6-bromo derivative (Structure III in Scheme I) (12). These are hydrolyzed and then aerobically oxidized to the final mixture of Structures I and IV (Scheme I). 

Tekhelet hyacinthine purple 6,6 -dibromoindigotin, indigotin Trunculariopsis trunculus... 

SYNS FEMANo. 2874 HYACINTHIN PAA PHENYLACETALDEHYDE (FCC) PHENYLACETIC ALDEHYDE PHENYLETHANAL O-TOLU-ALDEHYDE a-TOLUIC ALDEHYDE... 

Psittacids are mostly vegetarian birds. Many species are frugivorous, eating fruit as the major component of their diet. Others also eat seeds, buds, and other plant matter. A few species also eat insects, and the kea (Nestor notabilis) of New Zealand is known to eat sheep carrion. (This has led to erroneous beliefs that the kea also kills healthy sheep. The kea may, however, finish off sheep that are virtually dead.) Most species of psittacids will habitually hold their food in their feet as they eat. The beak is used to crack seeds and nuts-captive individuals of hyacinthine macaws (Probosciger aterrimus) are even able to crack the hard shell of Brazil nuts. 

Phenylacetaldehyde. BenzeneacetatdeHyde a-loluic aldehyde a-tolualdehyde Hyacinthin. C(H,0 mol wt 120.14. c 79.97%, H 6.71%, O 13.32%. C(HyCH,CHO. Prepd by oxidizing phenylethyl alcohol with chromic acid. High-yield synthesis from styrene oxide or styrene glycol G. Paparatto. G. Gregorio, Tetrahedron Letters 29, 1471 (1988). 

Synonyms cas 122-78-1 hyacinthin paa phenylacetaldehyde phenylacetic aldehyde phenylethanal... 

Hyacinthin. See Phenylacetaldehyde Hyalo-Mucopolysaccharides. See Glycosaminoglycans Hyaluronic acid... 

Synonyms Benzeneacetaldehyde Hyacinthin PAA Phenylacetic aldehyde Phenylethanal a-Tolualdehyde a-Toluic aldehyde... 

---