Human subjects, malaria

In the first LDMS-based detection of malaria in human subjects (unpublished), lOOpl P. falciparum or P. v/vax-infected blood samples, grouped into three different parasitemia ranges—low (10-150 parasites/pl), mid (2 x 103 parasites/pl), and high (25 x 103-60 x 103 parasites/pl)—have been examined using both sample preparation protocols. Parasitemia levels in these samples were previously determined independently for each sample by optical microscopy examination of blood smears. The LDMS data clearly indicate that... 

During World War II there was a great demand for an effective antimalarial, which could be used to protect the Allied troops. Consequently a large variety of synthetic compounds were tested against avian malaria. Those found effectives were tested in human subjects in federal prisons and military hospitals [5]. This effort resulted in the discovery of sulpha drugs with marked antimalarial activity. The most... 

Despite the above situation, there are certain principles which have in-fiuenced the mode of quinine administration. The type of use and the previous exposure of the human subject to malaria haAm been most important factors. Thus in individuals with previous histories of malaria, dailj doses as small as 0.1 g. quinine base have been used Avith apparent success to suppress infection. Usually, hoAAwer, much higher doses than this are employed. In individuals Avith no previous history of malaria, daily doses of 1.0 g. or greater are utilized for suppressive purposes. Similarly, there has been wide variation in the dose of quinine employed in the treatment of active infections. Here the daily doses have ranged from a minimum of 0.3 g. to more than 2.0 g. 

The most serious reaction of the human subject to quinine is the massive hemoglobinuria which occurs in patients infected with certain strains of P. falciparum. This reaction occurs in a highly unpredictable manner, unrelated to dose of quinine or duration of treatment. It includes intravascular hemolysis resulting in a profound anemia, oliguria, uremia, and frequently death. The mechanism of the reaction is unknown. It usually occurs only in those individuals where the treatment has failed to control parasitemia completely (88). However, it has been reported in individuals who have ingested quinine and have not had malaria infections (89). 

Malaria Announced 04/12/10 Adenovirus-vectored vaccine Naval Medical Research Center 4/15 human subjects protected Adult volunteers... 

The synthesis of IgG in African subjects unprotected from malaria was approximately twice (169 mg/kg/day) that of Africans protected from malaria and seven times that of Caucasians (23 mg/kg/day), implying that malaria must account for a good proportion of the high immunoglobulin levels found in persons in a malarious area (C18). In fact absorption experiments have shown that about 3-10% of the immune human IgG was specific malarial antibody (C25). 

The contributing authors represent considerable expertise for the subject. Larry Zwiebel (Chapter 13) has opened the malaria mosquito A. gambiae to studies of olfactory molecular genetics, with profound implications for human... 

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