Human information-processing analogy

Let us compare our model of a SHE information system with the way we as human beings collect, process and use information in order to manage our environment. We use our eyes, ears and other sense organs to collect data. We process the data in our brain and relate it to pre-stored information in our memory. We make decisions and execute these through talking, writing, moving, etc. 

3 Through transformation of the experiences into actions to affect the environment (experimentation), and 

Knowledge is achieved as a result of a combination between grasping experience and transforming it. In a positive learning process, the individual will gradually improve in his/her understanding of real-world phenomena (know-why) and his/her ability to act effectively (know-how). This is called qualifying experience. 

Our human information-processing analogy takes us even further. Natural information systems such as our own have developed through an evolutionary process. Species and individuals equipped with effective information systems have a competitive advantage. This evolutionary process is output-driven. Success has been accomplished through adequate decisions and actions in relation to the demands from the environment. Our information system is adapted to meet the actual needs. 

Company SHE information systems, on the other hand, are man-made artefacts that have not been exposed to the rigorous laws of natural selection. In developing SHE information systems, experts have a tendency to ask questions such as What information can we get What do we do about it These questions are typical for an input-driven development process, where the end result often is inefficient and even inadequate. History is full of examples of data graveyards, where elaborate databases on accidents have 

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Shannon s information theory (Shannon, 1948) has been and continues to be one of the more important developments to influence both the science and engineering associated with human information processing. Several early attempts to apply it to human information processing (Hick, 1952 Hyman, 1953 Fitts, 1954) have stood the test of time and have provided the basis for subsequent efforts of both researchers and practitioners. These works are central to the material presented here. In addition, the work of Wiener (1955) is also noteworthy in that it began the process of viewing human and artificial information processing from a common perspective. Analogies between humans and computers have proven to be very useful up to certain limits. 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

Human-Machine Interface The boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the worker, for example, analog displays, VDUs. 

Winquist, R, Wide, P, Eklov, T., Hjort, C., and Lundstrom, I. Crispbread quality evaluation based on fusion of information from the sensor analogies to human olfactory, auditory and tactile senses, /. Food Process Eng., 22, 337, 1999. 

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