Horses digestive system

Kidney and the digestive system of the horse mussel Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg and Mn FAAS, GFAAS, Ultracentrifugation 47)... 

Chemicals when taken in tablet form can also attack areas of the digestive system. Work is in progress to prevent this happening. One method is to develop a harmless virus which would act as a Trojan horse to smuggle genes to the exact spot needed. It would then release its contents on an instruction from a chemical only present at that site. 

Nonruminant Mammalian Systems. Fat digestion is described in greater detail in the following sections. The digestive systems of monogastric animals (swine, mink, and fish), a ruminant (bovine), a nonmminant herbivore (horse), and an avian (hen) are shown in Figure 2 (4). 

Figure 2. Digestive systems of representative animals. (1) Monogastrics with nonfunctional cecums swine (omnivore), mink (carnivore), and catfish (omnivore). (2) Nonruminant herbivore with functional cecum and colon horse. (3) Ruminant bovine. (4) Avian hen. Reprinted by permission from Ref. 4.

Animals that use cellulose as a food do so only with the help of bacteria that possess the necessary enzymes for breakdown. Herbivores such as cows, sheep, and horses are animals in this category. Each has a colony of such bacteria somewhere in the digestive system and uses the simple carbohydrates resulting from the bacterial hydrolysis of cellulose. Fortunately, the soil also contains organisms with appropriate enzymes. Otherwise, debris from dead plants would accumulate rather than disappear through biodegradation. 

Humans have enzymes in saliva and pancreatic juices that break apart the a-l,4-glycosidic bonds of starches but not the j8-l,4-glycosidic bonds of cellulose. Thus, humans cannot digest cellulose. Animals such as horses, cows, and goats can obtain glucose from cellulose because their digestive systems contain bacteria that provide enzymes to break apart j8-l,4-glycosidic bonds. 

Draw and compare the digestive systems of a ruminant, swine, equine, and poultry. Why is a horse capable of deriving energy from forages ... 

Using the NRC (2007) system, calculate the digestible energy (DE) and crude protein (CP) requirements of a 500 kg alert horse undertaking a moderate level of work. 

Coenen, M., 2002. Evaluating the protein requirements of horses The German system for digestible protein. In Proceedings of the 1 European workshop on equine nutrition. Dijon, France 153-158. 

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