Horse staggers

It IS no accident that sections of our chair cyclohexane drawings resemble saw horse projections of staggered conformations of alkanes The same spatial relationships seen m alkanes carry over to substituents on a six membered ring In the structure... 

In livestock, selenium has been found to be the cause of blind staggers and alkali disease. Blind staggers occurs as a result of acute ingestion of seleniferous plants and is characterized by impaired vision, depressed appetite, a tendency to wander in circles, paralysis, and death from respiratory failure. A more chronic syndrome described in horses and livestock is alkali disease, which also is associated with consumption of grains or plants containing selenium. The disease is characterized by lack of vitality, loss of appetite, emaciation, deformed hoofs, loss of hair, erosion of the joints of long bones, anemia, cirrhosis, and cardiac atrophy ... 

A Si micromixer was constmcted with seven vertical pillars (10 pm dia.) arranged perpendicular to the flow in a staggered fashion within a 450-pL mixing chamber, as shown in Figure 3.42. Turbulent mixing of sodium azide and horse heart myoglobin was achieved in 20 ps. This provided the fast mixing essential for a downstream freeze-quench procedure to trap metastable intermediates [472]. 

In people whose thiamin intake is marginal, colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with thiaminolytic microorganisms may be a factor in the development of beriberi. The thiaminases present in raw fish can result in so-called Chastek paralysis of foxes and mink, as a result of destruction of thiamin, and may be important in parts of the world where much of the apparent thiamin intake is from fish that is eaten raw or fermented. The polyphenols and thiami-nase in bracken fern can cause thiamin deficiency (blind staggers) in horses, and tannic acid in tea and betel nut have been associated with human thiamin deficiency. 

They were very busy in preparing him for his ordeal. When they inspected him carefully, it was somewhat like the examination that grooms give a horse before a race and they were amazed, staggered, by the whole affair. Their astonishment found vent in strange repetitions. 

Figure 2.2 Newman and saw horse projections for n-butane. (a) A staggered state (planar trans) with angle of bond rotation (j> = 0 and (b) an eclipsed state (planar cis) with = 180°.

An investigation at Murdoch University into the toxic agent in the Western Australian fabaceous plant, Swainsonia canescens, which causes staggers in horses, led to the isolation of the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine (95). The symptoms caused by ingestion of this plant were very similar to those observed in another veterinary disorder known to be occasioned by lack of a-mannosida.se, and the Murdoch group was able to show that swainsonine did in fact cause inhibition of this enzyme [112]. 

Nervous ergotism In this type of ergotism, the animal staggers as if intoxicated. Later the animal may experience paralysis of the posterior limbs, followed by drowsiness, and/or convulsions. Extreme cases of this type of ergotism sometimes result in mortality. Horses, sheep, and even carnivores can experience this type of ergotism, but rarely cattle. 

Ryegrass Loliuw perenne) An endophytic fungus in the grass produces the toxin lolitrem B, which is associated with chaises in GABA neurotransmitter Tremors and alaxia ( staggers ), weakness in cattle she, and horses... 

---