Hormonal Mannitol

Elumatrope (human growth hormone) Lyophile for IV injection, recon. with 0.3% m-cresol, 1.7% glycerin Stable for 14 days at 2-8°C 5 mg protein per vial, 1.13 mg Na2HP04, 25 mg glycine, 25 mg mannitol... 

Reardon PM, Gochoco CH, Audus KL, Wilson G, Smith PL (1993) In vitro nasal transport across ovine mucosa effects of ammonium glycyrrhizinate on electrical properties and permeability of growth hormone releasing peptide, mannitol, and lucifer yellow. Pharm Res 10 553-561. 

Almost all diuretics exert their action at the luminal surface of the renal tubule cells. Their mechanism of action includes interaction with specific membrane transport proteins like thiazides, furosemide etc., osmotic effects which prevent the water permeable segments of the nephron from absorbing water like mannitol, and specific interaction with enzyme like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors i.e. acetazolamide, and hormone receptors in renal epithelial cells like spironolactone. 

Human growth hormone Cellobiose, trehalose, or mannitol (31 1 m/m) Lyophilized 375-1500 fold increased stability at 50°C [22]... 

This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section covers renal tubule transport mechanisms. The nephron is divided structurally and functionally into several segments (Figure 15-1, Table 15-1). Many diuretics exert their effects on specific membrane transport proteins in renal tubular epithelial cells. Other diuretics exert osmotic effects that prevent water reabsorption (mannitol), inhibit enzymes (acetazolamide), or interfere with hormone receptors in renal epithelial cells (aldosterone receptor blockers). The physiology of each segment is closely linked to the basic pharmacology of the drugs acting there, which is discussed in the second section. Finally, the clinical applications of diuretics are discussed in the third section. 

Many diuretic agents (loop diuretics, thiazides, amiloride, and triamterene) exert their effects on specific membrane transport proteins in renal tubular epithelial cells. Other diuretics exert osmotic effects that prevent water reabsorption (mannitol), inhibit enzymes (acetazolamide), or interfere with hormone receptors in renal epithelial cells (spironolactone). 

Figure 5 Effect of excipients on the storage stability of freeze-dried human growth hormone (hGH). Samples were stored for I month at 40°C. Solid bars, aggregation (primarily dimer). Hatched bars, chemical degradation via methionine oxidation and asparagine deamidation. The glass transition temperatures of the initial freeze-dried formulations are given above the bars when a gla.ss transition temperature could be measured by DSC. The glycine mannitol formulation is a weight ratio of hGH glycine mannitol of 1 1 5, the dex-tran formulation is 1 6 hGH dextran 40, none means no stabilizer, and the others are 1 1 hGH stabilizer. All formulations contain sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 15% of the hGH content. Initial moisture contents are all ==1%. (Data from [4].)...

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) Mannitol and glycine as amorphous excipients to prevent human growth hormone (hGH) aggregation. Trehalose as a lyoprotectant, reserves the secondary structure of rhGH. [14]... 

The collapse temperature depends upon the composition of the amorphous phase, and it has been found that crystallization of one or more components can significantly alter the collapse temperature. For example, human growth hormone (hGH) formulated with glycine and mannitol in a hGH glycineimannitol weight ratio of 1 1 5 can form a... 

Na /Cl transport in the distal convoluted tubule. Spironolactone exerts its dimetic effect by blocking the binding of the hormone aldosterone to its receptors. The osmotic diuretics, such as mannitol, act by increasing the osmolality of the filtrate, and hence increasing urine volume. 

Inhalable co-spray dried powders of salmon calcitonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with mannitol have been prepared and analyzed. Salmon calcitonin or Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca ), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) [118]. The... 

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