Horizontally differentiated

Garcia-Fontes and Motta57 study the regulation of freedom of establishment or entry and the prices of these distribution services. They use a variant of Hotelling s model (horizontal differentiation by location throughout a linear city ). The originality here lies in the fact that the consumers have a high but finite reserve price. This condition means that the market may not be covered, and hence the positive effects of perfect competition may not occur. 

Measures to reduce the consequences of accidental losses (accident limitation measures) Besides this horizontal differentiation, a vertical division of safety measures into... 

There are also problems with functional structures because, in adopting such a structure, a company increases its level of personnel and horizontal differentiation to handle more complex tasks. If the company becomes geographically diverse, or it begins to produce a wide range of products, then control and coordination problems arise. Control becomes looser, lowering the company s ability to coordinate its activities and increasing bureaucratic costs. 

Most multi-national corporations, including British Petroleum and ICI are now organized into a variety of divisional structures. In such a structure, the company as a whole may be split into several distinct divisions. Each distinct product line or business unit is placed in its own self-contained unit or division, with all support functions. The result is a higher level of horizontal differentiation. 

The proper installation of both orifice plates and Venturi-type flow tubes requires a length of straight pipe upstream and downstream of the sensor, ie, a meter mn. The pressure taps and connections for the differential pressure transmitter should be located so as to prevent the accumulation of vapor when measuring a Hquid and the accumulation of Hquid when measuring a vapor. For example, for a Hquid flow measurement in a horizontal pipe, the taps are located in the horizontal plane so that the differential pressure transmitter is either close-coupled or connected through downward sloping connections to allow any trapped vapor to escape. For a vapor measurement in a horizontal pipe, the taps should be located on the top of the pipe and have upward sloping connections to allow trapped Hquid to drain. 

Automatic filters are made with either viscous-coated or dry filter media. However, the cleaning or disposal of the loaded medium is essentially continuous and automatic. In most such devices the air passes horizontally through a movable filter curtain. As the filter loads with dust, the curtain is continuously or intermittently advanced to expose clean media to the air flow and to clean or dispose of the loaded medium. Movement of the curtain can be provided by a hand crank or a motor drive. Movement of a motor-driven curtain can be actuated automatically by a differential-pressure switch connected across the filter. 

Most of the analytical treatments of center-fed columns describe the purification mechanism in an adiabatic oscillating spiral column (Fig. 22-9). However, the analyses by Moyers (op. cit.) and Griffin (op. cit.) are for a nonadiabatic dense-bed column. Differential treatment of the horizontal-purifier (Fig. 22-8) performance has not been reported however, overall material and enthalpy balances have been described by Brodie (op. cit.) and apply equally well to other designs. 

Fixed Tube Sheet Both tube sheets fixed to shell Condensers liquid-liquid gas-gas gas-liquid cooling and heating, horizontal or vertical, reboiling Temperature difference at extremes of about 200°F. Due to differential expansion 1.0... 

U-Tube U-Bundle Only one tube sheet required. Tubes bent in U-shape. Bundle is removable. High temperature differentials which might require provision for expansion in fixed tube units. Clean service or easily cleaned conditions on both tube side and shell side. Horizontal or vertical. Bends must be carefully made or mechanical damage and danger of rupture can result. Tube side velocities can cause erosion of inside of bends. Fluid should be free of suspended particles. 1.08... 

TABLE 7.15 Centerline Temperature Differential in Horizontal Jets... 

FIGURE 7.80 CDF-predicted values of maximum velocity V, temperature differential, ( C), and airflow, q (Us), in the horizontal cross-section of the buoyant plume above the heated cube (0.66 m x 0.66 m X 0.66 m, 22SW).i ... 

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