Horizontal pipe section

Total flow range = 10,000 to 200,000 kg/h Liquid mole fraction = 0.0034 to 0.8 

It is clear from Table 2.20 that, in comparison to the OLGA correlation, the pressure drop as calculated by Beggs and Brill is conservative, whereas Mukherjee and Brill underestimate the pressure drop. The Beggs and Brill correlation can be used without major concern to calculate pressure drop for horizontal pipe segments. 

Process engineering and design using Visual Basic 

Case Number Correlations Pressure Drop, kPa Frictional Acceleration Total Regime 

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Regular head losses occur along the pipes. The slopes of the total head line and of the pressure line are identical for the horizontal pipe sections (between B and C, and then between J and K). On the other hand, the pressure decreases more rapidly than the head in the sloping pipes (between D and E, then F and G, then H and I) because of gravity. 

In situ measurement of the concentration of radioactive tracers in the different phases requires that the phases are separated and arranged according to density difference over the measurement cross section in a horizontal pipe. In general, the measurements are performed with two spectral gamma radiation detectors placed on top and bottom of the pipe respectively. 

Cascade coolers are a series of standard pipes, usually manifolded in parallel, and connected in series by vertically or horizontally oriented U-bends. Process fluid flows inside the pipe entering at the bottom and water trickles from the top downward over the external pipe surface. The water is collected from a trough under the pipe sections, cooled, and recirculated over the pipe sections. The pipe material can be any of the metallic and also glass, impeiMous graphite, and ceramics. The tubeside coefficient and pressure drop is as in any circular duct. The water coefficient (with Re number less than 2100) is calculated from the following equation by W.H. McAdams, TB. Drew, and G.S. Bays Jr., from the ASME trans. 62, 627-631 (1940). 

Water can be trapped behind heat exchanger baffles and then suddenly vaporized by circulation of hot oil. It can also be trapped in dead-ends and U-bends in pipework (see Section 9.1.1). Such U-bends can form when one end of a horizontal pipe is raised by thermal expansion. The trays in a distillation column were damaged during startup when hot gas met water, from previous steaming, dripping down the column [3J. Section 17.12 describes an incident somewhat similar to a foamover. 

For an incompressible fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe of constant cross-section, in the absence of work being done by the fluid on the surroundings, the pressure change due to frictional effects is given by ... 

Only with fine solids are the particles uniformly distributed over the cross-section of a horizontal pipe. For coarse particles, the following principal types of flow are observed as the velocity is decreased ... 

The equations in the section Piping Pressure Drop are, of course, intended for use with full pipes. Reference 12 provides a rapid way to estimate whether a horizontal pipe carrying liquid is full. The criteria are... 

Water is flowing in a horizontal pipe bend at a velocity of 10 ft/s. The radius of curvature of the inside of the bend is 4 in., and the pipe ID is 2 in. A mercury manometer is connected to taps located radically opposite each other on the inside and outside of the bend. Assuming that the water velocity is uniform over the pipe cross section, what would be the manometer reading in centimeters What would it be if the water velocity were 5 ft/s Convert the manometer reading to equivalent pressure difference in psi and Pa. 

L Total effective length of pipe or section of pipeline, m Lh Total effective length of horizontal pipe, m... 

Water is pumped through a 1-in schedule 40 pipe (internal diameter = 1.049 in) at 400 gal/hr. If the pressure at one point in the pipe is 103 psig and a small leak develops 22 ft downstream, compute the fluid pressure at the leak. The pipe section is horizontal and without fittings or valves. For water at these conditions the viscosity is 1.0 centipoise and the density is 62.4 lbm/ft3. 

For steady flow of a gas between points 1 and 2, distance L apart, in a horizontal pipe of constant cross-sectional area in which no shaft work is done, the energy relationships are given by equation 6.19 ... 

The most common method of marine pipeline construction utilizes a floating vessel on which the pipe is assembled in a horizontal position. As additional joints or sections of pipe are added to the already-completed segment, the barge is moved forward, actually moving out from under the completed pipeline. This is sometimes called the stovepipe method, named after the manner the pipe sections are added, one after another. This pipeline extends off the stern of the vessel and spans down to the sea bottom. It is supported part of the way down by a construction aid called a pontoon or stinger, This is basically a slender structure pinned to the vessel on one end and with built-in buoyancy that can be controlled so that it floats at the proper angle to the water surface to provide support to the pipeline. 

In this section, we only discuss the case of stratified horizontal pipe flow in a rectangular duct. The expansion rate projected on the pipe axis for the gas phase (j = gas) is small (as... 

Ideal fluids are those in which there is no loss of energy due to friction, there are no interactions between the molecules that make up the fluid, and there are no interactions between the fluid molecules and the pipe, tubing, or container. In everyday life we deal with real fluids not ideal fluids. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid s resistance to flow. Fluids with high viscosity such as honey do not flow very readily, while fluids with low viscosity such as water flow more easily. Let s take a closer look at a real fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe of length L and cross-sectional area A, as shown in Figure 5.12. 

Segmental and eccentric orifice plates are functionally identical to the concentric orifice. The circular section of the segmental orifice is concentric with the pipe. The segmental portion of the orifice eliminates damming of foreign materials on the upstream side of the orifice when mounted in a horizontal pipe. Depending on the type of fluid, the segmental section is placed on either the top or bottom of the horizontal pipe to increase the accuracy of the measurement. 

In this section, the peak ultrasound echo intensity is used to locate the position of the gas-liquid interface flowing in a horizontal pipe. The accurate detection of the gas-liquid interface in pipe flow has important implications in engineering. 

Partition of the circular pipe horizontal cross-section of the pipe is divided into 10 imaginary concentric doughnut-type regions (width is l/10th the radius of the circular pipe) its length in the axial direction is the distance a fluid element flows with a mean velocity in 1 s. 

The difference in the spatial distribution of the tracer concentration between the cases of the injection into the pipe center and into the pipe wall ring, as shown in Challenge 2.5, can be considered to depend on the difference in the local mixing capacity among the radial positions. The mixing capacity of each radial position in a circular pipe has been discussed based on the distribution of the turbulent diffusivity in the horizontal cross-section of the pipe. However, investigating... 

With mixed convective flow in a horizontal pipe the buoyancy forces act at right angles to the direction of forced flow leading to the generation of a secondary motion as discussed earlier. The equations governing this type of flow will be briefly discussed in this section. 

A topic within the purview of thermodynamics is the maximum velocity attainable in pipe flow. Consider a gas in steady-state adiabatic flow in a horizontal pipe of constant cross-sectional area. Equation (7.10) is the applicable energy balance, and it here becomes ... 

A 4-m-long section of a 5 cm diameter horizontal pipe in wliich a refrigerant flows passes tluough a room at 20°C. Tlie pipe is not well insulated and the outer surface temperature of the pipe is observed lo be - 10°C. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.85 and the surrounding surfaces arc at 15"C. The fraction of heat transferred to the pipe by radiation is... 

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