Primary homology

Figure 7 The permeation of barbiturates through an organic membrane, the gastric and intestinal absorption of carbamates, the blood-placenta transfer rate constants of various drugs, and the neurotoxicity of homologous primary alcohols, as a measure of blood-brain barrier permeation, follow nonlinear lipophilicity relationships (Eqs. (58)-(62)). (From Refs. 58,59,62,63.)...

Azurin a family of blue, copper-containing proteins from Pseudcmumas, Alcattgenes and Bordetelia species. A. from Pseudorrumas fluorescens contains 128 amino add residues of known sequence, and one intrachain disulfide bond. A. from all sources has M, 14,000-16,000 and homologous primary and tertiary structure, but different spedes of A. have different redox potentials. 

Fig. 3 Square-wave voltammograms (net currents, 24 °C, at 10/rm diameter platinum ultramicroelectrode) for irreversible oxidation of homologous primary alkylamides above threshold in reverse water-AOT-toluene microemulsions. Microemulsions were formulated with 1.77 g AOT, 7.04 g toluene, 0.785 g water, and varying amounts of amide, = 8.4,7.2,7.3, and 7.9% (w/w) for cosurfactants acetamide, propionamide, butyramide, and valeramide, respectively...

A general synthesis of cyclopropylboranes has been developed and its use as a stereocontrolled route to substituted cyclopropanol derivatives demonstrated.The reaction of lithium dichloro-methane with organoboranes has been studied systematically with a view to preparing homologated primary and secondary alcohols. ... 

The lower members of other homologous series of oxygen compounds— the acids, aldehydes, ketones, anhydrides, ethers and esters—have approximately the same limits of solubility as the alcohols and substitution and branching of the carbon chain has a similar influence. For the amines (primary, secondary and tertiary), the limit of solubility is about C whilst for the amides and nitriles it is about C4. 

Oligomerization of Ethylene. 1-Butene is a small by-product in the production of linear alpha-olefins by oligomerisation of ethylene. Linear alpha-olefins have one double bond at the terminal position and comprise the homologous series of compounds with carbon atoms between 4 and 19. The primary use of alpha-olefins is in the detergent industry. About 245,000 t/yr of 1-butene was produced for chemical use in the Gulf Coast of the United States in 1988 (72). 

Compound (223), the 6a,7a-methano homolog of dienone (174), is extraordinarily stable on irradiation in dioxane, while the 6, 7 -isomer (224) isomerizes readily to the bicyclohexenone (225). The apparent failure of (223) to react may be attributed to the high steric strain which would be introduced by the two adjacent three-membered rings on ring B upon 1,5-bridging. This could cause reversal of primary product formation [cf. (226)] rather than ensuing formation of the corresponding zwitterion and... 

The homology between 22 and 21 is obviously very close. After lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the ethoxycarbonyl function in 22, oxidation of the resultant primary alcohol with PCC furnishes aldehyde 34. Subjection of 34 to sequential carbonyl addition, oxidation, and deprotection reactions then provides ketone 21 (31% overall yield from (—)-33). By virtue of its symmetry, the dextrorotatory monobenzyl ether, (/ )-(+)-33, can also be converted to compound 21, with the same absolute configuration as that derived from (S)-(-)-33, by using a synthetic route that differs only slightly from the one already described. 

The initial results of an early directed evolution study are all the more significant, because no X-ray data or homology models were available then to serve as a possible guide [89]. In a model study using whole E. coU cells containing the CHMO from Adnetohacter sp. NCIM B9871,4-hydroxy-cydohexanone (3 5) was used as the substrate. The WT leads to the preferential formation of the primary product (i )-36, which spontaneously rearranges to the thermodynamically more stable lactone (R)-37. The enantiomeric excess of this desymmetrization is only 9%, and the sense of enantioselectivity (R) is opposite to the usually observed (S)-preference displayed by simple 4-alkyl-substituted cydohexanone derivatives (see Scheme 2.10) [84—87]. 

---