Homologous recombination and

Fig. 1. Proteins in DNA repair pathways. DNA repair proteins are listed for each of the following pathways BER (Base Excision Repair), NER (Nucleotide Excision Repair), MMR (Mismatch Repair), HR (Homologous Recombination), and NHEJ (Nonhomologous End Joining). PARP1/2 and BRCA1/2 are relevant in BER and HR pathways, respectively.

Camerini-Otero, R. D and P. Hsieh, Parallel DNA triplexes, homologous recombination and other homology-dependent DNA interaction. Cell 73 217-224, 1993. 

Incidentally, the fact that the recA enzyme carries two enzyme activities, one for homologous recombination and... 

Viral genome can be inserted with a large DNA sequence by homologous recombination, and the recombinant virus, which is defective in replication, can be plaque purified by using transcomplementing cells. However, this viral vector has several disadvantages it is difficult to obtain preparations that are completely defective in replication, the modified vector generates immune response and antibodies specific for HSV-1 are present. 

Chambers, S.R., Hunter, N., Louis, E.J., Borts, R.H. (1996). The mismatch repair system reduces meiotic homologous recombination and stimulates recombination-dependent chromosome loss. Molec. Cell. Biol. 16,6110-6120. 

Eukaryotic cells possess two pathways for the repair of DSBs. One pathway is homologous recombination and appears to be very similar to the one described above in E. coli. However, much less is known about the details of this pathway in mammalian cells. In yeast, homologous recombination is the major pathway for the repair of DSBs. In mammalian cells it is restricted to the late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The second pathway is called nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), and it is thought to be the major pathway for the repair of DSBs in mammalian cells. The two pathways differ in the proteins that participate in them, and they also significantly differ in the outcomes they produce. Homologous recombination produces few errors, whereas NHEJ is error-prone. 

Ira G, Pellicioli A, Balijja A, Wang X, Fiorani S, Carotenuto W, Liberi G, Bressan D, Wan L, Hollingsworth NM, Haber JE, Foiani M. DNA end resection, homologous recombination and DNA damage checkpoint activation require CDKl. Nature 2004 431 1011-1017. 

Takata M, Sasaki MS, Sonoda E, Morrison C, Hashimoto M, Utsumi H, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Shinohara A, Takeda S. Homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways of DNA double-strand break repair have overlapping roles in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity in vertebrate cells. EMBO J. 1998 17 5497-5508. 

Bishop AJ, Schiestl RH. Homologous Recombination and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. / Biomed Biotechnol. 2002 2(2) 75-85. 

Henning W and Sturzbecher HW (2003) Homologous recombination and cell cycle checkpoints Rad51 in tumour progression and therapy resistance. Toxicology 193 91-109. 

Figure 2 DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. A) DNA damage and repair. All the constitutive elements of DNA (sugar-phosphate backbone and bases) are possibly modified by ionizing radiation. Single strand breaks (SSB), oxidized bases and abasic site are processed by base excision repair (BER), double strand breaks (DSB) by homologous recombination and non homologous end joining (HR and NHEJ) and DNA-protein crosslinks by nucleotide excision repair (NER). B) Quantitative measurement of radiation-induced and spontaneous DNA damage.

Double strand breaks repair by homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining... 

Double Strand Break Repair Homologous Recombination and End Joining. .. 158... 

Swers, J. S., Kellogg, B. A., and Wittrup, K. D. (2004) Shuffled antibody libraries created by in vivo homologous recombination and yeast surface display. Nucleic Acids Res 32, e36... 

Does MP, Vandenelzen PJM, Hooykaas PJJ (1990) Extrachromosomal homologous recombination and gene targeting in plant cells after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. 

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