History of explosives

Surprisingly, even the dihydrate is apparently detonated by a 50 g tetryl booster, the anhydrous acid is thermally less stable and thus probably more sensitive. There is, however, no history of explosion. 

Groothuizen, Th. M., J. W. Hartgerink, and H. J. Pasman, "Phenomenology, Test Methods, and Case Histories of Explosions in Liquids and Solids," Loss Prev. Safety Prom. Process Ind., 239 (1974). 

The most important nitrolysis reaction to date is the formation of RDX (3) and HMX (4) from the caged methylenediamine known as hexamine (104). These important military explosives were first mass manufactured by this route towards the end of the Second World War and they are still prepared by this route today. The process uses a mixture of acetic anhydride, ammonium nitrate and nitric acid. The nitrolysis of hexamine is one of the most widely studied reactions in the history of explosives. Many other cyclic and linear polynitramines have been isolated from these reactions and this rich chemistry is discussed in more detail in Section 5.15. 

See also DETONATION, EXPLOSION AND EXPLOSIVES Introduction and Definitions in Vol 4, p D217-L and also History of Explosives and Related Items in this Vol... 

High Explosives, History of. See under HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES AND RELATED ITEMS... 

Prior to describing history of explosives, it is desirable to say a few words about cold weapons which were used in wars many centuries before explosives or incendiaries were invented Greener (Ref 7, pp 1-12) described such weapons and gave many illustrations as did Dupuy Dupuy (Ref 69, pp 2ff)... 

J. Daniel, Dictionnaire des Matieres Explo-. sives , Dunod, Paris (1902) (A brief history of explosives is given by M. Berthelot in Preface , pp I to X, incl)... 

C. Belgrano, Gli Esplosivi , Hoepli, Milano (1952) (History of explosives and related items is not found) [See 2nd edition (1974)]... 

See a detailed discussion of this subject under History of Explosives in Vol 7 of Encyci... 

The story of the Lake Danmark Explosion that levelled many buildings at Picatinny Arsenal on 10 July 1926 is well told in the "History. of Explosions , published under the direction of the Institute of Makers of Explosives. Their rept reads, in part, as follows ... 

R, Assheton, "History of Explosives on Which the American Table of Distances was Based , C.L. Story Co, Delaware Press, Wilmington, Del (1930)... 

These problems are of particular importance in explosive, ammunition and propellant plants because a fire in these plants might be accompanied by an explosion with. consequent loss of life and property Refs 1) R. Assheton, "History of Explosions , Institute of Makers of Explosives, NY (1930)... 

Recent developments of novel explosive materials have concentrated on reducing the sensitivity of the explosive materials to accidental initiation by shock, impact and thermal effects. The explosive materials, which have this reduced sensitivity, are call Insensitive Munitions, (IM). Although these explosive materials are insensitive to accidental initiation they still perform very well when suitably initiated. Examples of some explosive molecules under development are presented in Table 1.5. A summary of the significant discoveries in the history of explosives throughout the world is presented in Table 1.6. 

Pure sodium and potassium chlorates do not possess explosive properties, but in earlier times were important components of the most widely used explosive mixtures (Vol. III). Also some complex salts of chloric acid possess initiating properties (Vol. III). Chlorates of nitrogen bases are explosives and deserve some attention. In particular, ammonium chlorate should be mentioned owing to the part it has played in the history of explosives. 

In the history of explosion protection of electrical apparatus, remote monitoring and controlling has become more and more the domain of intrinsic safety - i... 

Vancelder and Schlatter, History of Explosives in the United States, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, N. Y., 1927. 

Coll, "Blasters Handbook , Published by E.I. duPont de Nemours Co (Inc), Wilmington, Del (1966), pp 1-6 (Early History of Explosives) 7-20 (DuPont s Role Today) (See also Ref 68)... 

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