Histone modification transcriptional regulation

Berger, S. L. (2001). An embarrassment of niches the many covalent modifications of histones in transcriptional regulation. Oncogene 20(24), 3007-3013. 

A model called histone code theory includes more aspects of chromatin regulation which have been identified. The histone code theory predicts that histone acetylation and other posttranslational histone modifications serve as binding sites for regulatory proteins which mediate processes like gene transcription upon recruitment (see Fig. 2b) [3]. In this context histone modifications can be understood as... 

Berger SL (2002) Histone modifications in transcriptional regulation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12(2) 142-148... 

Khan AU, Krishnamurthy S (2005) Histone modifications as key regulators of transcription. Front Biosci 10 866-872... 

Regulating mono-ubiquitination of proteins by DUBs is important in histone modification where ubiquitination is thought to modulate chromatin structure and transcriptional activity. Normally, about 10% of the histone core octomers contain ubiquitinated histones and the ubiquitin is removed at mitosis by DUB activity. UBP8 has been demonstrated to regulate the ubiquitination of histone H2B, which is important in transcriptional activation of many genes [88]. 

Shi Y, Lan L, Matson C, Mulhgan P, Whetstine JR, Cole PA, Casero RA, Shi Y (2004) Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSDl. Cell 119 941-953 Shilatifard A (2006) Chromatin Modifications by Methylation and Ubiquitination Implications in the Regulation of Gene Expression. Annu Rev Biochem 75 243-269 Sterner DE, Berger SL (2000) Acetylation of histones and transcription-related factors. Microbiol. Mol Biol Rev 64 435-459... 

Zeng L, Zhou MM (2002) Bromodomain an acetyl-lysine binding domain. EEBS letters 513 124-128 Zhang Y, Reinberg D (2001) Transcription regulation by histone methylation interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tails. Genes Dev 15 2343-2360... 

Methylation plays an important role in transcriptional regulation and a lesser role in signal transduction. " Histones are heavily methylated proteins. Single, double, or triple methylated lysines play an important role on histones. Lysine methylation is a more subtle transcriptional control than acetylation. Lysine methylation has come to light in another protein known as p53. p53 is a protein expressed in low levels in the cell and stabilized by posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, and now N-methylation. There are several C-terminal lysines on p53 that increase its stability. The addition of the methylation modifications adds complexity to p5 3 and fine-tunes its activity and ultimately suppresses tumor formation. ... 

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