Hippocampus control

This could happen in the frontal cortex, the area of the brain that solves complex problems and plans for the future. If inhalants make their way into the brain s cerebellum, which controls movement and coordination, they can make a person move more slowly or clumsily. Studies also show that nerve cells in the brain s hippocampus can be damaged by inhalants. Since the hippocampus controls memory, a person who repeatedly uses inhalants may lose the ability to learn new things, or may have a hard time keeping track of simple conversations. 

A group of researchers (Page et al., 2009) has shown that MCFAs improve the cognitive function in patients treated for type 1 diabetes and also support the synaptic transmission in the case of acute hypoglycemia. They have observed that the most beneficial effects of the MCFAs ingestion were on verbal memory, which is imder hippocampus control (Page et al., 2009). 

Dronabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol), the active principle from cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids, nabilone and levonantradol are effective in treating nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy. The mode of action is unclear but appears to involve cannabinoid CBi receptors. Cannabinoids have been shown to reduce acetylcholine release in the cortex and hippocampus, and have been suggested to inhibit medullary activity by a cortical action. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release of endorphins may also be involved in the antiemetic effect. A review of trials of dronabinol, nabilone or levonantradol concluded that while the cannabinoids were superior to placebo or dopamine receptor antagonists in controlling emesis... 

Extrahypothalamic OX-B-like immunoreactivity, reminiscent to that of CRF, has been described in clustered GABAergic neuronal populations, in the lateral division of central nucleus ofthe amygdala, the bednucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the hippocampus. Moreover, ectopic expression of preproorexin mRNA in the gut, ependymal cells, neuroblastomas, and of orexin receptors in adrenal gland, cancer and hematopietic stem cells suggests yet unexplored roles of orexins as paracrine factors controlling blood-brain barrier, and tumor or stem cell function. 

Hydroxy tryptamine, or serotonin, is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). The nerve-cell bodies of the major serotoninergic neurones are in the midline raphe nuclei of the rostral pons, and ascending fibers innervate the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, limbic forebrain, and areas of the cerebral cortex. The serotoninergic system plays an important role in the control of mood and behavior, motor activity, hunger, thermoregulation, sleep, certain hallucinatory states, and some neuro-endocrine mechanisms. 

Vertes, R. P. Kocsis, B. (1997). Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Neuroscience 81, 893-926. 

Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are widespread in the CNS. Muscarinic receptors with a high affinity for pirenzepine (PZ), M, receptors, predominate in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, whereas M2 receptors predominate in the cerebellum and brainstem, and M4 receptors are most abundant in the striatum. Central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are targets of intense pharmacological interest for their potential roles in regulating abnormal neurological signaling in Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease and certain seizure disorders. Nicotinic receptors are largely localized at prejunctional sites and control the release of neurotransmitters [10,11],... 

In contrast to LTP, LTD is induced by low-frequency stimulation. This causes the selective activation of PP2B (calcineurin), which maintains inhibitor-1 in its dephos-phorylated state. Several studies, including those using inhibitor-1 knockout mice and transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active form of inhibitor-1, demonstrate that the control of PP1 activity by inhibitor-1 in the hippocampus affects neuronal plasticity and learning and memory. 

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