Hinton

RumeUiart D E, G W Hinton and R J Williams 1986. Learning Representations by Back-propagatin Errors. Nature 323 533-536. 

Hinton, E. and Owen, D.R. J.. 1977. Finite Element Programming, Academic Press, London. 

Hinton, Sir C., The place of the Calder Hall type of reactor in nuclear power generation, J. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf, 1957, 2, 43 46. 

Rumelhart, D.E., Hinton, G.E. and Williams, R.J. (1986) Learning internal representations by error propagation. In Parallel Distributed Processing, Rumelhart, D.E. and McClelland, J.L. (eds.), M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 

Equation 10.49 embodies Hinton, et.al. s Boltzman Machine learning scheme. Notice that it consists of two different parts. The first part, < SiSj >ciamped) is essentially the same as the Hebb rule used in Hopfield s net (equation 10.19), and reinforces the connections that lead from input to output. The second part, < SiSj >free> Can be likened to a Hebbian unlearning, whereby poor associations are effectively unlearned. 

According to Hinton and Nakhleh (1999), macro, sub-micro and symbohc representations are each appropriate tools to illustrate various aspects of chemical reactions. Figure 8.4 shows a typical text book diagram using the various types of representations for a simple chemical reaction. 

This diagram may appear trivial to the expert chemist but for a novice it contains much information about the chemical reaction at both the sub-micro and symbolic levels presented in multiple representational formats. Unless teachers are explicit in their use of these representations it is umealistic to assume that students would develop the same ability to choose an appropriate representation for a given process. It is possible that students can use and understand the representations without being able to see how they are related. Several authors (Hinton and Nakhleh, 1999 Kozma and Russell, 1997 Nurrenbem and Pickering, 1987) suggest that students are made aware of all three levels of representations and given opportunities to use them in solving problems. 

Hinton, M. E., Nakhleh, M. B. (1999). Students microscopic, macroscopic, and symbolic representations of chemical reactions. The Chemical Educator, 4(4), 1-29. 

In summary, according to the recommendations of researchers (Hinton Nakhleh, 1999 Russell et al., 1997 Tasker, Chia, Bucat, Sleet, 1996), it is cmcial to teach about chemical reactions by helping students to draw links between the... 

He, Q Hinton, DP Johnson, CS, Measurement of Mobility Distributions for Vesicles by Electrophoretic NMR, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 91, 654, 1991. 

Hinton, DP Johnson, CS, Diffusion Coefficients, Electrophoretic Mobilities, and Morphologies of Charged Phospholipid Vesicles by Pulsed Field Gradient NMR and Electron Microscopy, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 173, 364, 1995. 

Chopra L, Hawkey P.M. Hinton M. (1992) Tetracyclines, molecular and clinical aspects. J Antimicrob Chemother, 29,245-277. 

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