Hindcast simulation

Table 7.11 contains a comparison of significant wave heights for the northern Baltic Sea. The data of Weisse (2007) and Augustin (2005) are based on model hindcast simulations for different time periods. 

However, such an approach decreases the predictive capability and Emits the value for hindcasting of the regional climate of the last centuries. For this purpose atmosphere, ice, and ocean state variables must be simulated jointly, because they require each other mutually for the calculation of surface fluxes. This can be accomplished by coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean simulations, supplemented by a land model to compute the runoff of rivers from the Baltic catchment area. Such coupled model configurations are under development and have been applied for case studies (see Lehmann et al., 2004 Kjellstrom et al., 2005). 

Table II identifies some of the main CORIE circulation codes, and highlights their differences. Because the modeling products include daily (and in the future, real-time) forecasts, and multiyear hindcasts, computational performance is very important simulations that run about 10 times faster than clock time are a desirable target. Table III illustrates the computational efii-ciency of the codes that are currently used for generation of 2D and 3D circulation forecasts, respectively, and shows a clear improvement of computational performance the most recent 3D code runs substantially faster than an older 2D code, using the same computer hardware.

No model of the Columbia River circulation will be realistic, in a multipiupose sense, without accoimting for most of these various forcings. The CORE infrastructure is designed to provide forcing conditions to both hindcast and forecast simulations. The latter simulations are most... 

As previously mentioned, for the climatic temporal variability at the different timescales to be assimilated into the models, the time series should comprise a period of time at least equal to the period to be simulated. Fortunately, hindcast techniques provide long time series, over 40 years, of climatic statistic descriptors (i.e., HIPOCAS UE project). 

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