High throughput technique characterization

Nowadays, thanks to high-throughput techniques, such as metabarcoding, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, which can be applied to studying symbiotic assemblages, microbial associations can be characterized more thoroughly than previously (Fukatsu 2012). 

The endothelin B receptor is an example of characterization of a homogeneous, affinity purified protein (Roos et al., 1998). Significant progress has been made in the development of techniques for more high-throughput identification of phosphorlyation events. Analysis of large sets of phosphorylated proteins is facilitated by the availability of affinity purification methods such as anti-phosphotyrosine or anti-phosphoserine antibodies or metal affinity chromatography (Neubauer and Mann, 1999 Soskic et al., 1999). These methods are not specific to a particular protein but rather are used to fractionate all proteins that are phosphorylated. 

Most of the techniques discussed above are typically used ex situ for catalyst characterization before and after reaction. This is normally the easiest way to carry out the experiments, and is often sufficient to acquire the required information. However, it is known that the reaction environment plays an important role in determining the structure and properties of working catalysts. Consequently, it is desirable to also try to perform catalytic studies under realistic conditions, either in situ [113,114,157, 191-193] or in the so-called operando mode, with simultaneous kinetics measurements [194-196], In addition, advances in high-throughput (also known as combinatorial) catalysis call for the fast and simultaneous analysis of a large number of catalytic samples [197,198], This represents a new direction for further research. 

Hilfiker et al. at Solvias used carbamazepine (CBZ) as a model compound to describe the use of Raman microscopy to characterize crystal forms, including during solvent evaporation experiments [228], The spectra were processed into clusters by spectral similarity. The authors note that all published and several new crystal forms were identified during the study. Solvias HTS uses a specific set of crystallization protocols that have tended to produce new polymorphs. Hilfiker notes that Raman microspectroscopy is an ideal analytical tool for high-throughput discrimination between crystal structures. [229], The ability to collect spectra directly and automatically in a microtiter plate with or without solvent and during evaporation is a major advantage over many other techniques. 

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