High-resolution electron principles

Experimental high-resolution electron microscopy (Second edition) J.C.H. Spence Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics (Third edition) Guy K. White Principles of dielectrics B.K.P. Scaife Surface analytical techniques J.C. Riviere... 

Until now, the formahon of capsules of size >1 im has predominantly been described, though for many applicahons - especially in medicine and high-resolution electronic inks - smaller capsules of 50 to 300 nm attract much more interest. The approach to synthesizing nanocapsules as described below is based on the principle of miniemulsion using the differences of interfacial tension and the phase separation process during polymerization to obtain a nanocapsule morphology. 

The combination of state-of-the-art first-principles calculations of the electronic structure with the Tersoff-Hamann method [38] to simulate STM images provides a successful approach to interpret the STM images from oxide surfaces at the atomic scale. Typically, the local energy-resolved density of states (DOS) is evaluated and isosurfaces of constant charge density are determined. The comparison between simulated and measured high-resolution STM images at different tunneling... 

There are three potential methods by which a protein s three-dimensional structure can be visualized X-ray diffraction, NMR and electron microscopy. The latter method reveals structural information at low resolution, giving little or no atomic detail. It is used mainly to obtain the gross three-dimensional shape of very large (multi-polypeptide) proteins, or of protein aggregates such as the outer viral caspid. X-ray diffraction and NMR are the techniques most widely used to obtain high-resolution protein structural information, and details of both the principles and practice of these techniques may be sourced from selected references provided at the end of this chapter. The experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of some polypeptides are presented in Figure 2.8. 

The pattern is taken from a much smaller area with a focused probe The smallest electron probe currently available in a high-resolution FEG-STEM is close to 1 A. Thus, in principle and in practice, CBED can be recorded from individual atomic column. For... 

If the combination of a high-resolution separation system with a physicochemical detection principle is specific to properties of many harmful (toxic) chemicals, then a straightforward approach may be possible (27). Electron capture detection (ECD) registers electronegative compounds. Since the early 1960s, Lovelock (28) has pointed at the possible link between the ability of a substance to capture electrons and its biological action. 

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