High-energy electrons, generation using

The EBDS process is shown schematically in Fig. 12.3, An electrostatic precipitator is used to remove flya,sh from the flue gases before they pass to the treatment system to prevent contamination of the fertilizer byproduct. The flue gas is then cooled from about 200°C to 60-80°C in a water spray cooler, and ammonia is added. The conditioned flue gas enters the irradiation chamber (reactor), where high-energy electrons generate hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HOi) radical-s by collision with the water molecules. These radicals play the major role in the formation of sulfuric and nitric acid,s that react with ammonia to form the sulfate and nitrate. 

The analytical usefulness of this reaction, stems mainly from that fact that the electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+ species can be reduced by a large number of potential analyte compounds, or their electrochemical derivatives, via high-energy electron transfer reactions, to produce the Ru(bpy)32+ excited species, without the need for an electrochemical reduction step. The converse is also true. The reduction of peroxodisulfate (S2082-) for example, in the presence of Ru(bpy)32+, produces the Ru(bpy)32+ excited species and an ECL emission, from the reaction of Ru(bpy)3+ and S04 [20], Although this latter system has been used for the determination of both Ru(bpy)32+ [21] and S2082- [22], the vast majority of analytical applications use the co-oxidation route. 

X-rays, or gamma rays generated by nuclear decay. Ionizing radiation also includes several types of subatomic particles, such as beta radiation (high-energy electrons) and alpha radiation (helium ions) and others. Medical X-rays are an example of a common beneficial exposure to ionizing radiation. Nuclear radiation is used to generate electricity and cure disease, but is also an important element in military weapons. Uses of nuclear radiation pose serious issues of human exposure and environmental contamination. 

In the strictest sense, the term gamma ray is applicable only to photons produced as a result of transitions in atomic nuclei. However, the term is also sometimes used to denote bremsstrahlung radiation produced when the high energy electrons in the beam of an electron accelerator, such as an electrostatic generator, a betatron, a synchrotron, or a linear accelerator, strike the target of that accelerator. 

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