Heteropolymerization

Polymerization A chemical reaction in which the molecules of monomers are linked together to form large molecules whose molecular mass is a multiple of that of the original substance. When two or more monomers are involved, the process is called copolymerization or heteropolymerization. 

Ungleichmafiig losliche Makromolekiile-Heterogele und Heteropolymere. Angew. Chem. 75, 472 (1963). 

The bacterial cell wall contains a heteropolymeric polysaccharide chain that is cross-linked by peptide... 

In solutions of moderate concentration, there are two types of excited state solute-solute interaction, which are common. An excited polymer, or excimer, may form through the aggregation of excited solute molecules with ground-state molecules of the same type. Fluorescence quenching and/or a spectral red shift may result. Also, a heteropolymeric excited-state complex may form between two different solute molecules. Such a complex is referred to as an exciplex. 

The authors describe an ultrasensitive method that measures RT activity. The assay adopts polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for detecting the cDNA product of the reaction, and therefore was named Amp-RT (3,4). Amp-RT measures the ability of a sample to produce a DNA copy of a known heteropolymeric RNA template by extending a complementary DNA oligoprimer. The RNA template used in Amp-RT is a sequence from the genome of the encephalomyocarditis virus. This chapter describes in detail the Amp-RT method and its use as (1) a qualitative assay for the generic detection of retroviruses, (2) a quantitative method to measure virus loads of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and (3), a screening method for susceptibility of HIV-1 to RT inhibitors. 

Taylor, R., Sutherland, W., Reist, C., Webb, D. J., Wright, S., and Labunguen, R. (1991) Use of heteropolymeric monoclonal antibodies to attach antigens to the C3b receptor of human erythrocytes a potential therapeutic treatment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3305-3309. 

This discussion of functional domains within an allosteric protein can be extended to the case of heteropolymeric allosteric enzymes. Consider aspartate transcarbamoylase... 

The rates R /R and R are different. Electron-withdrawing substituents on the epoxide group accelerate the heteropolymerization rate and suggested that R is a propagation reaction rate. 

Epithelial cells express acidic and basic keratins. They associate in a 1 1 ratio to form heterodimers, which assemble into heteropolymeric keratin filaments neither type alone can assemble into a keratin filament. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. These Isoforms can be divided into two groups about 10 keratins are specific for hard epithelial tissues, which give rise to nails, hair, and wool and about 20, called cytokeratins, are more generally found In the epithelia that line Internal body cavities. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of acidic and basic keratins. 

Four proteins are classified as type III IF proteins. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments. The most widely distributed of all IF proteins Is vimentin, which Is typically expressed In leukocytes, blood vessel endothelial cells, some epithelial... 

Homo- and Heteropolymeric Filaments Some IF proteins form homopolymerlc filaments others form only heteropolymeric filaments with other proteins in their class and some can form both homo- and heteropolymeric filaments. Some IF proteins, but not the keratins, can form heteropolymers with IF proteins in another class. NF-L self-associates... 

The term lignocellulose, often used for description of plant materials, does not properly describe their main components. Besides cellulose and lignin, the third main component, as indicated above, is hemicellulose, or, more correctly, hemicel-lulosics. The plural form here reflects a set of various heteropolymeric saccharides, the so-called matrix plant polysaccharides. These hemicellulosics mainly form... 

Audrieth, L. F., J. R. Mills, and L. E. Netherton, J. Phys. Chem., 58, 482 (1954). Shaver, K. J., and J. G. Stites, Jr., The Heteropolymeric System Na20-P205 SO3, a report presented at the 131st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami, Florida, April, 1957. 

Longer cubic lattice heteropolymeric chains may also mimic some aspects of multidomain protein folding [86]. 

DNA plays a crucial role in all living organisms because it is the key molecule responsible for storage, duplication, and realization of genetic iirformation. DNA is a heteropolymeric molecule consisting of residues (nucleotides) of four types. A, T, C and G. Fig. 1 shows the chemical structure of the DNA single strand and the complementary base pairs. 

To begin to answer the first question, we must estabhsh a suitable kinetic scheme. The following group of homo- and heteropolymerization reactions were proposed by Dostal in 1936 for a radical copolymerization between two monomers M, and Mj and, ultimately, extended and formalized by a number of workers who established a practical equation from the reactions ... 

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