Hemolysis composition

Most of the early work on membranes was based on experiments with erythrocytes. These cells were first described by Swammerdam in 1658 with a more detailed account being given by van Leeuwenhoek (1673). The existence of a cell (plasma) membrane with properties distinct from those of protoplasm followed from the work of Hamburger (1898) who showed that when placed in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, erythrocytes behaved as osmometers with a semipermeable membrane. Hemolysis became a convenient indication of the penetration of solutes and water into the cell. From 1900 until the early 1960s studies on cell membranes fell into two main categories increasingly sophisticated kinetic analyses of solute translocation, and rather less satisfactory examinations of membrane composition and organization. 

Biologic effects of non-excited fullerenes C60, that are revealed at the concentration range lower than 10 4 M, are mostly positive, but depend on the type of cells and the way of modification of fullerene C60 (Yamakoshi et al., 1994). As we have shown earlier, upon the presence of 10 6 M fullerenes C60 in incubation medium, resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis is not altered, whilst at the concentration of 10 5 M fullerenes C60 the hemolysis rate is accelerated. Hemolytic effect was not revealed if fullerene C. at the concentration of 10 5 M was introduced to the con-tent of aminopropylaerosyl (i.e., upon the presence of fullerene C60-composite-l). Cytotoxic influence was not found if thymocytes and EAC cells were incubated with fullerenes C60 (10 5 M) or fullerene C60-containing composites for 24 h (Piylutska et al., 2006). That is why the study of the influence of irradiation on biologic activity of fullerenes C60 was carried out at their concentration of 10 5 M. 

Composition of electroporation buffer is an important factor affecting electroporation yields. Ionic strength of cell suspension medium needs control, which determines resistance of the cell suspension and resultant RC time constant of the field pulse. Medium supplemented with Ca and Mg in mM concentration range is found to promote efficiency of transformation and cell viability. Erythrocytes electroporated in isotonic buffer in the presence of EDTA or membrane specific drugs showed significant modification in hemolysis response to electroporation [33,34]. Use of square wave pulse removes the medium conductivity mediated effects on cell/tissue electroporation outcome. Generally, cells are pulsed in suspensions of sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol. Electroporation as well as incubation of pulsed cells can be carried out in medium containing usual cell culture recipes. 

Nonspecific interference can be encountered as a result of changes in temperature, ionic strength, and pH, or as a result of the presence of hemolysis or excessive quantities of bilirubin, heparin, and urea. Any of these factors can alter the composition of the incubation medium and affect the kinetics or equilibrium of the antigen-antibody reaction. Nonspecific interference contributes to assay variability and results in a decrease in sensitivity. This is particularly prevalent in early enzyme IA applications. Assay sensitivity can be greatly improved with increased assay specificity. 

Some plastieizers were formd to have a beneficial effect on stored red blood cells. Lower rate of hemolysis of red blood cells was observed in the presence of di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate, and n-butyryl tri-n-hexyl citrate. It is suggested in a reeerrt irrverrtion that, even if for reasorts of meeharrical properties plasticizers are not needed, plastieizer addition will still give benefits in this applicatiorr, especially in composition with vitarrrin E used as an arrtioxidarrt. ... 

Figure 13.16 N2 has the same molecular weight as CO but is nonpolar, so we can predict that its curve will be just below that of CO. Figure 13.22 The water will move through the semipermeable membrane toward the more concentrated solution. Thus, the liquid level in the left arm will increase. Figure 13.23 Water will move toward the more concentrated solute solution, which is inside the red blood cells, causing them to undergo hemolysis. Figure 13.26 The negatively charged groups both have the composition —CO2 .

Most of the known and efficient emulsifiers are toxic upon parenteral administration because of hemolysis or irritation upon ocular application. The emulsifier most frequently used in parenteral nanoemulsion formulations is a mixture of phospholipids of varied composition, generally from egg yolk sources and comprising mainly a combination of phosphatidylcholine (zwitterionic and neutral over a wide pH range) and phosphatidylethanolamine (anionic) at a ratio of 10 1 with small amounts of other nonpolar phospholipids such as phos-phatidylserine and sphingomyelin. This combination of phospholipids is normally sufficient to stabilize fat nanoemulsion as noted in Table 12.1. Furthermore, when a drug is incorporated... 

It is of considerable interest that human erythrocyte phosphoglycerides have a similar distribution of plasmalogens and fatty acids to that of platelets (Farquhar, 1962). Although the fatty add composition of PS in the red cell resembles that of the platelet, there is about twice as much PS in the erythrocyte. This may account for the marked clot-promoting effects of lipids and lipoproteins derived from red cells after damage or hemolysis (O Brien, 1959a Shinowara, 1951, 1957, 1961). 

---