Helicoverpa punctigera

Aminopeptidases have also been identified from other insect species as Cryl binding protein. Aminopeptidase cDNAs have been cloned from M. sexta [124], Plutella xylostella [129], Plodia interpunctella [130,131], Helicoverpa punctigera [132], B. mori [133-135], Epiphyas postvittana [136], Trichoplusia ni [137], andX. dispar [138,139]. Based on homology analysis of aminopeptidases clones from these insects it appears tiiat lepidopteran insects each have at least four aminopeptidases with different affinities for Cryl A toxins (Figure 2). 

Few studies have focused on the effect of viral inactivation by insect metabolism. One study investigated the infectivity of Helicoverpa punctigera NPV through the gut of a predator insect [7], Active viral inclusion bodies were collected from the excreta of the predatory, Nabis tasmanicus Remame up to 4 days after with no loss of vims activity. Similarly, Bartzokas et al. [5] studied the effect of formaldehyde fumigation on VACV infected cockroaches to determine the limits of survivability. The study found VACV ingested before formaldehyde fumigation remains viable inside the cockroaches gut and active vims may be excreted up to 5 days later. 

Gunning, R.V., Moores, G.D., and Devonshire, A.L. 1997. Esterases and fenvalerate resistance in a field population of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera Noc-tuidae) in Australia. Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 58, 155-162. 

Emmerling, M., D. Chandler, and M. Sandeman. 2001. Molecular cloning of three cDMAs encoding aminopeptidases from the midgut of Helicoverpa punctigera, the Australian native budworm. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 31 899-907. 

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