Fenvalerate resistance

Gunning, R.V., Moores, G.D., and Devonshire, A.L. 1997. Esterases and fenvalerate resistance in a field population of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera Noc-tuidae) in Australia. Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 58, 155-162. 

Golenda, C.F. and A.J. Forgash. 1989. The distribution and metabolism of fenvalerate in pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible house flies. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 33 37-48. 

Tabashnik, B.E. and N.L. Cushing. 1989. Quantitative genetic analysis of insecticide resistance variation in fenvalerate tolerance in a diamondback moth (Lepidoptera Plutellidae) population. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 82 5-10. 

Cross-resistance refers to a situation in which a strain that becomes resistant to one insecticide automatically develops resistance to other insecticides to which it has not been exposed. For example, selection of a strain of Spodoptera littoralis with fenvalerate resulted in a 33-fold increase in tolerance to fenvalerate. The resistant strain also showed resistance to other pyrethroids (11- to 36-fold) and DDT (lower than for the pyrethroids). Exposure of Cidex qninquefasciatus to fenitrothion resulted in the development of resistance to the carbamate insecticide propoxur. Similarly, selection of a housefly strain with permethrin resulted in a 600-fold increase in resistance to permethrin. The resistant strain also showed resistance to methomyl, DDT, dichlorvos, and naled (Hassall, 1990). 

Yu and Nguyen (1996) showed that selection of a strain of diamondback moth (Plu-tella xylostella) with permethrin for 21 generations resulted in over 600-fold resistance to permethrin in this strain. The resistant strain was also cross-resistant to all pyrethroids tested, including bifenthrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate, A.-cyhalothrin, fluvalinate, and tral-omethrin. However, it remained susceptible to organophosphate, carbamate, cyclodiene, neonicotinoid, avermectin, and microbial insecticides tested. Biochemical studies indicated that pyrethroid resistance observed in this strain was most likely due to decreased target site sensitivity. 

Riskallah, M.R., Abd-Elghafar, F., Abo-Elghar, M.R., and Nassar, M.E., Development of resistance and cross-resistance in fenvalerate and deltamethrin selected strains of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), Pestic. Sci.t 14,508,1983. 

The wide spectrum of pyrethroid resistance in these populations, which involves permethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and cyhalothrin, the relative lack of synergism by p. b. (52) or DEF, and the presence of DDT as well as methoxychlor resistance (52), suggest that this resistance is due to the site insensitivity mechanism kdr. Interestingly, some evidence of behavioral resistance was also detected. It was observed that pyrethroid-resistant flies tended to... 

Fenvalerate and other a-cyano pyrethroids, however, are consistently more resistant to oxidative attack than their noncyano analogs. Liver is the predominant site of fenvalerate metabolism via hydrolysis by one or more hepatic microsomal esterases inhibition of these enzymes results in enhanced toxicity. Hydrolysis has also been demonstrated in plasma, kidney, stomach, and brain tissues. Except for brain, however, these tissues were relatively unimportant in the detoxification process. 

Birds rapidly and efficiently metabolize fenvalerate by hydrolytic cleavage of the ester bond followed by extensive hydrox-ylation of the acid moiety at the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group, the methyl group, or both. Major metabolites identified in liver preparations were 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbut5Tic acid, 4-hydroxyfenvalerate, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. Liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes usually play an important role in pesticide metabolism however, fenvalerate and other synthetic pyrethroids are very weak inducers of avian microsomal enzymes. Birds are more resistant to fenvalerate than are... 

About this same period it was becoming increasingly evident that insect resistance was building to the chlorinated hydrocarbon, phosphate, and carbamate insecticides. The new environmentally stable synthetic pyrethroids such as permethrin and fenvalerate found ready acceptance in cotton, fruit, and vegetable crops. 

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