Height contour

One has to keep in mind that STM images show contours of constant tunnel probability rather than height contours directly. Nevertheless, for simple cases such as a metal surface, both quantities are closely related to each other. The dependence of the tunnel current IT on the tunnel voltage UT and on other parameters is given for the ideal case in Eq. (5.1) ... 

One has to keep in mind, that STM images show contours of constant tunnel probability rather than height contours directly. Nevertheless, for simple cases such... 

Figure 1. Sets of constant height contours on 1- and 2-D sinusoidal surfaces. The contours correspond to the idealized shapes of the surface steps on modulated crystal surfaces, a) and c) correspond to modulations on singular planes b) and d) correspond to vicinal surfaces.

Shear stress direction Along a height contour Along a temperature contour... 

Fig. 26d, the width and screw pitch of the assemblies are similar to those observed in SEM images. The orientation of the height contour indicates that these superhelices have a right-handed sense. Many possible interacticMis, including hydrophobic, dipolar rt-jr interactions, and ordered packing tendency of a-helical polypeptide segments, are believed to be responsible for the formation of super-helical structures. 

We confine ourselves here to scanning probe microscopies (see Section VIII-2B) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), in which successive profiles of a surface (see Fig. VIII-1) are combined to provide a contour map of a surface. It is conventional to display a map in terms of dark to light areas, in order of increasing height above the surface ordinary contour maps would be confusing to the eye. 

Figure Bl.19.40. The scanning ion-conductance microscope (SICM) scans a micropipette over the contours of a surface, keepmg the electrical conductance tlirough the tip of the micropipette constant by adjusting the vertical height of the probe. (Taken from [211], figure 1.)...

To evaluate the wind speed at height H it is necessary to know the value of for the required location. This may be obtained either from a local weather station or from wind contour maps of the country. Normally, represents the hourly mean wind speed that is exceeded 50% of the time at a particular site. 

The application of interference techniques overcomes the limitations exerted by the large optical wavelengths. With commercial phase-measurement interference microscopes (PMIM), a surface resolution of the order of 0.6 nm can be achieved [33, 34]. In a microscope a laser beam is both reflected from the sample surface and from a semitransparent smooth reference surface (Fig. 3). The interference pattern is recorded on an area detector and modulated via the piezo-electric driven reference surface. The modulated interference pattern is fed into a computer to generate a two-dimensional phase map which is converted into a height level contour map of the sample surface. While the lateral resolution (typically of the... 

The quasi-classical description of the Q-branch becomes valid as soon as its rotational structure is washed out. There is no doubt that at this point its contour is close to a static one, and, consequently, asymmetric to a large extent. It is also established [136] that after narrowing of the contour its shape in the liquid is Lorentzian even in the far wings where the intensity is four orders less than in the centre (see Fig. 3.3). In this case it is more convenient to compare observed contours with calculated ones by their characteristic parameters. These are the half width at half height Aa)i/2 and the shift of the spectrum maximum ftW—< > = 5a>+A, which is usually assumed to be a sum of the rotational shift 5larger scale A determined by vibrational dephasing. 

The chain dimension in the height direction was evaluated as the thickness of the brush layer, I, relative to the chain contour length, io, by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 4.10 shows the solvent dependence of the conformation of the PMMA brush. Whereas the brush chain changes its conformation in response to the solvent quality at the low graft density, the high-density PMMA brush does not show... 

We see overall qualitative agreement between experiment and theory. In Figure 3(a) and (b) the position of the zero contours of constant potential lines agree quantitatively, the maximum difference between (r) andd>(r) n being less than 1.3(r) ], for the minimum in the proximity of the oxygen atom 03. 

Figure 6.10 The topological map of an idealized mountain represented by the circular contours of constant height on a topological map. Two gradient paths or lines of steepest ascent (a) are shown, together with a path (b) that is not a line of steepest ascent but is an easier route up the mountain. The lines of steepest ascent—gradient paths—cross the contours at right angles.

Figure 2. Experimental intervalence band (10) and calculated contour for the Creutz and Taube ion. The parameters used in the calculation are c, —6.0 Ac, 1.1 Ag, 5.51 vc, 500 cm"1 and vB, 100 cm"1 at 300 K. The sticks show the relative calculated intensities, and the contour is obtained by replacing each stick by a Gaussian of FWHM = 1.4 vc. (Some of the vertical bars—in Figure 2 only— have been omitted for clarity.) The experimental peak height is normalized to the calculated value, which is arbitrary. The calculated relative intensities among Figures 2-4 are meaningful.

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