Hebeloma

Debaud ](Z et ai. Genetics and molecular biology of the fungal partner in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis Hebeloma cylindrosporum X Pinuspinaster, in CarroU GC and Tudzynski P (eds.), The Mycota. A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research. V. Plant Relationships. Part B., Springer, Berlin, pp. 95—115, 1997. 

Gaskin, J.L. and J. Fletcher (1997). The metabolism of exogenously provided atrazine by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustu-liniforme and the host plant Pinus ponderosa. Amer. Chem. Soc., pp. 152-160. 

Figure 4.3 Flush of Hebeloma radicosoides, marking a late phase of the fungus succession on urea plot. 160 g urea-N was spread to 0.5 x 1 m plot in a Quercus forest, Kyoto, Japan on February 2, 1994 photograph taken on October 12, 1994. The 1-m folding scale marked one edge of the plot.

Figure 4.5 Changes in the concentrations (jig N gJ dry soil) of NH4 -N ( ) and N03 -N ( ), and in the pH value (O) in urea-treated soil. On April 19, 1990, 327 g urea-N was spread to 0.5 m x 2.0 m plot in a Pinus-Chamaecyparis forest, Kyoto, Japan. Occurrence of the reproductive structures of ammonia fungi is presented on the figure Ab, Amblyospormm botrytis-, Ad, Ascobolus denudatus-, Lt, Lyophyllum tylicolor-, Pu, Peziza urinophila-, Pp, Pseudombrophila petrakii-, Ce, Coprinus echinosporus-, Hr, Hebeloma radicosoides. (From Yamanaka, T., Ph.D. diss., Kyoto University, 2002. With permission.)...

When urea has been applied deep in the soil, the EP is not observed and only the deep-rooting Hebelomas (H. danicum and/or H. radicosoides) appear to fruit (Sagara 1995 Sagara et al. 2000). 

Figure 4.7 Hebeloma vinosophyllum (arrowhead) fruiting beside the skull of an abandoned domestic cat body. The wrapped body seemed to have initially been buried 80-90 cm away but to have been dug out and moved by some animals. Place and date Quercus forest, Hyogo, Japan, September 20, 1989. The folded scale is 51.5 cm long.

Figure 4.10 Soil profile showing Hebeloma radicosoides fruiting out of a human latrine buried together with fallen leaves (Appendix 4.2). The folded scale is 37 cm long. The fruiting of this ammonia fungus at the nonexperimental site prompted the excavation to identify the source of ammonia. No trace of the excreta remained at this moment.

Figure 4.11 Soil profile showing Hebeloma mdicosum (fallen) fruiting out of the deserted latrines (L) near the nest (N) of a mole stick indicates occurrence a little before of another fruit body. The folded scale is 51.5 cm long. Place and date Quercus forest, Hiroshima, Japan, November 11, 2000. Mole species concerned possibly Mogera imaizumii. There is no other way than using this fungus to locate a mole s nest unless radio-tracking techniques are used.

Basidiospore germination in the AF, both of EP species (Coprinus spp.) and LP species (Hebeloma vinosophyllum), is stimulated by a sufficient concentration of NH4+-N under alkaline to neutral conditions (Suzuki 1978 Suzuki et al. 1982). This suggests that they might start growth only after a sudden and abundant release of ammonia and that they might exist latently in the normal (i.e., untreated) soil in the form of basidiospores (Yamanaka 2002). 

Figure 4.15 Hebeloma danicum (arrowhead) and H. mdicosoides (the rest) fruiting on buried uric acid, which simulates their growth on abandoned nests of wasps underground (see Section 3.4). Twenty-five g of uric acid was buried together with humus (arrow) at the bottom (20 x 20 cm) of a 20 cm deep hole on December 8, 1984, in a Pinus-Quercus forest, Shiga, Japan photograph taken on October 17, 1985.

Figure 4.16 Hebeloma danicum (arrows) and Laccaria bicolor (arrowheads) fruiting beside remains of paper, which indicates not only antecedent human excreta but also a squatting pose (see text). Photograph was taken in a Pinus forest, Shiga, Japan, on October 20, 1981. (See color insert following p. 178.)...

Fukiharu, T. and Hongo, T. (1995). Ammonia fungi of Iriomote Island in the southern Ryukyus, Japan and a new ammonia fungus, Hebeloma luchuense. Myco-sciense 36, 425-430. 

Fukiharu, T Yokoyama, G., and Oba, T. (2000). Occurrence of Hebeloma vinoso-phyllum on the forest ground after decomposition of crow carcass. Mycoscience 41, 401-402. 

Hilton, R. N. (1978). The ghoul fungus, Hebeloma sp. ined. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 19,418. 

Kaneko, A. and Sagara, N. (2002). Responses of Hebeloma radicosum fruit-bodies to light and gravity negatively gravitropic and nonphototropic growth. Mycoscience 43, 7-13. 

Kuroyanagi, E., Honda, S., Yoshimi, S., and Sagara, N. (1982). The appearance of Hebeloma radicosum from a buried cat carcass. Trans. Myc. Soc. Japan 23, 485-488 (in Japanese with English summary). 

Ohta, A. (1998). Fruit-body production of two ectomycorrhizal fungi in the genus Hebeloma in pure culture. Mycoscience 39,15-19. 

Sagara, N., Honda, S., Kuroyanagi, E., and Takayama, S. (1981). The occurrence of Hebeloma spoliatum and Hebeloma radicosum on the dung-deposited burrows of Urotrichus talpoides (shrew mole). Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 22,441-455. 

Sagara, N., Kitamoto, Y., Nishio, R., and Yoshimi, S. (1985). Association of two Hebeloma species with decomposed nests of vespine wasps. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 84, 349-352. 

Sagara, N. and Kobayashi, T. (1979). Hebeloma spoliatum appeared from abandoned nest-chambers of Vespula lewisi, a ground wasp. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 20, 266-267 (in Japanese). 

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