Heavy fluorous reagents

As reflected by the fluorous reactions described in Section 3.3, and quantified by data below, most organic compounds have very low affinities for fluorous phases compared with organic phases. Thus, products can often be separated from heavy fluorous catalysts or spent reagents using a simple liquid/liquid phase separation, as shown in Figure 3.2. If necessary, the fluorous phase can be extracted using additional organic solvent. 

As chemical synthesis moves from discovery to production, scales increase and the use of catalytic rather than stoichiometric quantities of reagents is increasingly advantageous from both the economic and environmental standpoints. The vast majority of fluorous catalysts prepared to date are best classified as heavy fluorous catalysts, and they are removed from the reaction mixture by liquid/liquid separation techniques. On the one hand, fluorous silica gel provides another option for these catalysts, which is to use a solid/liquid separation instead. On the other hand, fluorous silica gel enables the use of light fluorous catalysts, such as the palladium catalyst shown in Scheme 36. Mizoroki-Heck reactions are promoted by standard conductive heating (oil bath) or microwave heating. After cooling and solid-phase extraction. 

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